Biomedical Terminology: Unit 2: Chapter 10

Cerebell/o

cerebellum

Dur/o

dura mater

encephal/o

brain

gli/o

glial Cells, glue

Lept/o

thin, slender

mening/o meningi/o

Membranes, meninges (2) (root)

my/o

muscle

myel/o

spinal cord

neur/o

nerve

Pont/o

pons

radicul/o

nerve root

thalam/o

thalamus

thec/o

sheath (refers to meninges)

Vag/o

vagus nerve

alges/o, -algesia

excessive sensitivity to pain (1 suffix, 1 root)

-algia

pain (suffix)

caus/o

Burning

Comat/o

deep sleep (root)

esthesi/o, -esthesia

feeling, nervous system (1 root and 1 suffix)

kines/o -kinesia -kinesis, -kinetic

movement (1 root and 3 suffix)

-lepsy

seizure (suffix)

lex/o

word, phrase (root)

-paresis

slight paralysis (suffix)

-phasia

speech (suffix)

-plegia

paralysis (suffix)

-praxia

action (suffix)

-sthenia

strength (suffix)

syncop/o

cut off (root)

tax/o

order, coordination (root)

Alges/o

sensitivity to pain (root)

angi/o

vessel, blood (root)

vegus Nerve

Helps GI, influences heart with BP, heart rate

cerebr/o

cerebrum (root)

cephal/o

head (root)

crain/o

skull (root)

cry/o

cold (root)

Autonomic Nervous System

Nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs involuntarily; part of the peripheral Nervous system; carries impulses from Central Nervous System to the Organs

hydr/o

water

narc/o

sleep

olig/o

scanty

radicul/o

nerve root

spin/o

spine

troph/o

nourishment

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter chemical released at ends of nerve cells

afferent nerve

Carries message toward the brain and spinal cord (sympathetic Nervous system)

arachnoid Membrane

middle layer of the three membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Astrocyte

Glial cell that transports water and salts between capillaries and neurons

axon

carries impulse along a nerve cell

Blood-brain barrier

Protective separation between the blood and brain cells that keeps substances from penetrating capillary walls and entering the brain

dendrite

branches of a neuron that receives message from other neuron (part of neuron)

brain stem

posterior portion of the brain that connects cerebrum with spinal cord

cauda equina

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

Cell body

the part of the nerve cell that contains the nucleus

central Nervous system

brain and spinal cord

cerebellum

posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

Cerebral cortex

outer region of cerebrum; contains sheets of nerve cells; grey matter

cerebrospinal fluid

circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

cerebrum

the largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

Ganglion

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs; carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except vagus nerve)

Dura Mater

the thick outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

efferent nerve

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord; motor nerve

Glia Cells

Supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses; they maining the health of the nervous system and can reproduce itself

ependymal cell

glial cell that lines the membranes within the brain and spinal cord; helps form cerebrospinal fluid

gyrus

sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex; convolution

hypothalamus

the portion of the brain beneath the thalamus; controls sleep, appetite, body temperature, and pituitary gland secretions; tells you what to focus on and what not to

medulla oblongata

Connects the spinal cord to the brain; controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels

meninges

Three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

microglial cell

phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the central nervous system

Motor nerve

carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and organs; efferent nerve

myelin sheath

covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell; speeds impulse conduction

nerve

macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses

Neuron

nerve cell that carries impulses throughout body; parenchyma of the nervous system

oligodendroglial cell

glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

parasympathetic nerves

involuntary autonomic nerves that regular normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

parenchyma

essential distinguishing tissue of any organ or system; for the nervous system neurons and nerves that carry impulses

peripheral nervous system

nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; cranial, spinal and autonomic nerves

pia mater

the thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

plexus

A large interlacing network of nerves

pons

Part of brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain ; houses nerves for the face and eyes

receptor

an organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves; the skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors

sciatic nerve

the nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

sensory nerve

carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from receptor; afferent nerve

spinal nerves

31 paris arising from the spinal cord

stroma

connective supporting tissue of an organ; glial cells are the stromal tissue of the brain

sulcus

depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex; fissure

sympathetic nerves

automatic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

synapse

The space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle glandular cells

thalamus

Main relay center of the brain; conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum

vagus nerve

10 cranial nerve; branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach

ventricles of the brain

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid