History - Semester Review

William Penn

Quaker leader who established Pennsylvania and its capital, Philadelphia. He dealt with Native Americans fairly and didn’t allow colonists to settle their land. Also, he allowed people of different religions to live together in peace.

Tobacco and cotton

The two major cash crops of the Southern colony.

German

Credited with starting the tradition of decorating Christmas trees and Santa Claus

Middle Passage

It was the route that slave ships took from Africa to the Americas. About 10% of slaves making the trip did not survive.

Third Amendment

You cannot be made to house soldiers.

Fourth Amendment

You cannot be searched without a warrant and no probable cause needed.

Lexington and Concord

The first battle of the American Revolution

Militia

Citizens that were soldiers

Thomas Jefferson

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Cabinet

Group of advisors to the Justice

Department of State, Treasury, War, and Attorney General

What were the first four cabinets to be created?

Tariffs

Another name for taxes

Judicial Review

Supreme Court could review the acts of Congress and President.

Article III

Article that established the judicial branch.

Louisiana Purchase

US obtained territory from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Purchases from France for $15 million.

Eli Whitney

Invented interchangeable parts

Samuel Morse

Invented the telegraph

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Missouri Compromise

Free and slave states had to be an equal number. Missouri wanted to be a state, neither North or South wanted to upset the balance in Congress, Missouri enters as a slave state, Maine as a free state. Then future states above 36N would enter free and below would be slave.

Tenth Amendment

Amendment that protects states rights and education

Dred Scott

The Supreme Court rules slaves have no rights and are essentially property.

Fifth Amendment

Amendment that states that the government cannot take away a citizens property without due process

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

What book put a human face on slavery?

Border States

Slave states that did not leave the Union. Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware

South Carolina

What state seceded first?

Jefferson Davis

Who was the president of the Confederacy?

West Virginia

What state broke away from another state to become a border state and stay a part of the Union.

Fort Sumter

What was the first battle of the Civil War?

Emancipation Proclamation

Why were slaves not freed in the North or the Border states? Slaves were property and protected by the Constitution and the Constitution didn’t matter to the South anymore. What freed slaves in the South?

Clara Barton

Angel of the Battlefield. She tended to the wounded on the battlefield and founded the Red Cross.

Conscription

Forced military service.

Habeas Corpus

Protects citizens from being thrown in jail without a charge.

Japanese Americans

What was another time civil liberties were taken away?

Thirteenth Amendment

Amendment that freed African American slaves

Fourteenth Amendment

Amendment that granted citizenship to any persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

Fifteenth Amendment

Amendment that guaranteed blacks the right to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Passed over Johnson’s veto with a 2/3 vote. This was the first time it ever happened.

Disenfranchised

To lose the right to vote

Election of 1876

The first disputed election. It was between Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden. Tilden won the popular vote but republicans asked for a recount and Hayes won by one electoral vote. Democrats agreed to accept the election result if federal troops were taken out of the South.

Poll tax

When you have to pay to vote

24th Amendment

Amendment that prohibits poll taxes

Segregation

Legal separation of people based on race, gender, etc

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case that upheld segregation. State had to have “separate but equal” facilities.

Laissez-faire

The government does not interfere in private business

Patent

Grant by the government that gives the inventor exclusive rights

C. Latham Sholes

Who invented the typewriter?

Graham Bell

Who invented the telephone?

Thomas Edison

Who invented the light bulb?

Edison’s quote

“Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration”

Thaddeus Lowe

Who invented refrigeration and the ice machine?

Gustavus Swift

Who invented the refrigerated rail car?

Horizontal Integration

Joining together of businesses that are engaged in similar business activities or processes

Vertical Integration

Joining together of businesses that are necessary for production

Monopoly

Exclusive control of a product or service by a single company.

Blacklist

List of “troublemakers” or people who joined unions

Lockout

Workers not allowed to work with no pay

Scabs

Replacement workers

Strike

Workers stop working

Proletariat

Marxism - working class

Bourgeoisie

Marxism - business/land owner

Arbitration

An impartial third party helps management and workers reach an agreement

Women’s Trade Union League

What was the first union for women?

Ellis Island

The processing center for immigrants on the East Coast

Angel Island

The processing center for immigrants on the West Coast

Philanthropy

Those who are rich give back to society through various methods

YMCA

A place that offered bible studies and group activities but now boasts libraries, gyms, and pools