CRES Mid-Term

Race and Ethnicity: What is the Difference?

Ethnicity: People who share a common history and culture. It often (though not always) correlates with national origin.

Race: A socially constructed way of categorizing people based of off looks and skin color

Race as a Social Construct

It has been created over time and by different societies (its different in different countries)

Ideology of White supremacy

A multi dimensional system of domination, not merely encompassing the formerly political, economic, cultural, cognitive, evaluative, and somatic spheres(colonialism, the invention of race, and the retellings of these events)

What were some of the Policies of White supremacy?

How did racial minorities resist White supremacy in the pre-Civil Rights era?

The Asian American Movement of the 1970s

The Native American Movement (e.g., Trail of Broken Treaties in 1972 and Self- Determination in 1976)

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Civil Rights Act of 1968

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Chicano Movement (1960s and 1970s)

Jackson, Mississippi Woolworth Lunch Counter Sitins - May, 1963 Patron pours liquid

St. Augustine, Florida Swim-ins - June, 1964 Manager pours bleach

Freedom Riders

Public School Desegregation

What is racial formation?

Sociohistorical process by which racial identities are created, lived out, transformed, and destroyed

What is racialization?

The extension of racial meaning to a previously racially unclassified relationship, social practice or group

How did race consciousness evolve over time?

1. Phenotypic distinctions were initially

made for power purposes (i.e., we must find

logic in ruling them and their land)

2. Then it moved to a theological discourse

(the Bible and other texts were used to

justify racial difference and subordination)

3. Then it moved to scientific racism (black

people were said to be a different and

inferior species)

What are racial projects?

Simultaneously an interpretation, representation, or explanation of racial identities and meanings, and an effort to organize and distribute resources along racial lines (White supremacy, Racial Profiling, The War on Drugs, The Civil Rights Movement, Individuals protesting the killing of

black and brown people, Wearing dreadlocks

How does QuantCrit help us to understand SAT score gaps by race?

QuantCrit shows the racial gaps in SAT scores because of location, resources and support. Shows us that low SAT scores relate to race.

How does scientific racism intersect with modern statistics?

Many of Pearson's tests were developed and/or used for racist purposes. Scientific racism - a theory that scientifically, different races have different levels of physical, intellectual, and moral development

What is settler colonialism? How was/is it legitimized?

The founding of a state based on the ideology of white supremacy, the widespread practice of African slavery, and a policy of genocide and land theft

The goal of is the removal and erasure of indigenous people in order to take the land for use by settlers in perpetuity

What were the three methods of settler colonial conquest?

1. Warfare and Violence

2. Treaties and Treaty Violations

3. "Indian" removal

What was chattel slavery? How was it America's first big business?

A legally sanctioned system where "enslaved people were the personal property of their owners for life, a source of labor or a commodity that could be willed, traded, or sold like livestock or furniture"

It was the largest single financial asset in the entire U.S. economy, worth more than all manufacturing and railroads combined

What did slaves know about the business of slavery?

They knew they effected the economy and their actions and looks would make them more valuable.

Slaves understood the philosophy of their enslavement and their voices should be centered

How do the effects of slavery linger?

In Southern counties where slave dependence was greater in 1860, today there exists greater disparities in the Black-White arrest rate for drug and violent crime related offenses.

Whites who currently live in Southern counties that had high shares of slaves in 1860 are more likely to identify as a Republican, oppose affirmative action, and express racial resentment and colder feelings toward blacks.

White people in counties that had higher concentrations of slave labor in 1860 now have higher median incomes, greater rates of insurance and homeownership rates, and also lower poverty rates and food stamp usage.

Who was W.E.B. DuBois?

An American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist.

First African American to graduate with a PhD. from Harvard

The preeminent American sociologist

Established the first laboratory of sociology (at Atlanta University)

Attempted to form the first sociological society

Wrote prolifically about the "color line" problem

What was the problem of the color line according to DuBois (i.e., five dimensions ofinequality)?

Economic Inequality

Educational Inequality

Residential Inequality

Political Inequality

Criminal Justice Inequality

How does the color line persist today (as revealed through modern data)?

Contemporary Economic Inequality - median household net worth is at least 100k more for whites than any other race

Contemporary Educational Inequality - Schools are more segregated than ever due to red lining. Most schools are either mostly white or mostly non-white

Contemporary Residential Inequality - due to resources and past red-lining, most neighborhoods consist one one prominent race.

Contemporary Political Inequality - most non-whites who vote, vote democrat

Criminal Justice Inequality - more people in prisons are non-white because it is harder for them to get court dates and judges are more discriminatory to them

What does DuBois' "double consciousness" mean?

Of being both Black and American- as unreconciled and warring in our bodies. It is an advantage and a painful obligatory self-consciousness. It is the conflicting, anxious phenomenon of Black people knowing how the Black world functions, while being forced to understand how the White world functions and perceives them

What is Critical Race Theory?

Legal scholars determined that the law is not neutral, instead it could deepen and reproduce racial inequality

What are its primary tenets?

1. racism is normal and it is infused into our legal system

2. Race is a social construct.

3. Interest convergence - dominant groups will seek racial justice only when there's something in it for them. Convergence is about alignment not altruism

4. Counter narratives - Listening to the experiences of people of color is essential to combat racism

5. Whiteness as property - whiteness is a bundle of rights that yields generations of future economic returns

6. Colorblind ideologies or colorblind racism structurally disadvantages people of color

7. Intersectional considerations are essential to understanding stratification

8. It is multidisciplinary and works toward the elimination of racial oppression

Why does it garner so much protest?

After the 2016 and 2024 election, racial divides grew

The 1619 and 1776 Projects

Fear of Cancel Culture (i.e., If we don't discuss it, we can't say the wrong thing)

What effect has this protest had?

As of 2025, at least 861 anti-CRT efforts have been made across the nation

What is the Theory of Colorblind Racism?

An increasing denial of the structural character of racism; rather things are explained as natural outcomes (self-segregation into neighborhoods) or via cultural rationales (poor work ethic in jobs)

What is Intersectionality Theory?

Individuals and groups have different locations within a matrix of oppression.

What are racial microaggressions?

Brief and commonplace verbal or behavioral indignities, whether intentional or unintentional, that communicate derogatory or negative racial insults to the target person or group

What is an example of implicit racial bias?

Getting scared when someone of a specific race walks into the room (black man in a hoodie, Arab walks onto a plane)

What are the tenets of Racialized Organizations Theory?

1. Organizations are not race neutral entities- Racial inequality is not merely in organizations, but it is part of their fabric

2. Organizations invent and cater to racializedn "ideal" people

3. Organizations legitimate an unequal distribution of resources in racialized ways

4. The decoupling of formal rules from organizational practice is racialized

5. Whiteness is a credential in organizations