Social psychology revision

what is moral philosophy

what decisions we should make and what makes someone a good person, understanding right and wrong

what is moral psychology

how we make decisions and how people develop to be good and moral

What is the reasoning of Kohlberg’s stages

stage 5 thinker may say pull the lever to save more lives

what is the explanation of kohlberg’s stages

higher stage individuals make universal ethical decisions based on justice and rights

what is the reasoning for dual processing

emotional side argues that you should not kill, the rational argues that saving 5 lives is better than 1

what is the explanation of dual processing

moral decisions involve conflict between emotional intuitions and deliberate reasoning

what is the reasoning behind moral foundations

people may choose to save 5 to avoid causing harm, those who value purity may refuse to act

what is the explanation for moral foundations

moral reasoning reflects differing moral values

what is the reasoning behind social intuition

intuition says killing is wrong, reasoning backs up judgement

what is the explanation for social intuition

moral judgement is driven by intuition, reasoning comes after to justify what we already feel

what is hypotheticality

way of thinking that involves imagining possibilities and consequences through mental simulation

why is using hypotheticals in research necessary?

make data collection accessible and avoid ethical issues

why can using hypotheticals in psychology be an issue

researchers can attempt to make real world ideas based on hypotheticals

what are evolutionary causes of prosocial behaviour

mechanisms for successful transmission of the prosocial individual’s genes

what are the proximate causes of prosocial behaviour

individual and cognitive affective factors driving/ facilitating prosocial behaviour

what is diffusion of responsibility

sense of personal responsibility to help in situations where the person potentially helping perceives others able to help also

what is the attributional affect model

focus on if the person seeking help actually deserves to be helped

what is the arousal-cost-reward model

explains how potential helpers can weigh up costs and benefits

what is the integrated model

combines elements of both attributional affect and arousal cost-reward models

what implicit norms of social influence

conformity occurs when people voluntarily change their behaviour to imitate behaviour of their peers, social roles adjust peoples behaviour based on their social position

what are explicit norms of social influence

compliance is when people behave in a certain way in response to a direct or indirect request, obedience is when people behave because of someone of higher status

what is the deficit model of justice repair

how can the deficit produced by the injustice be recovered e.g closing justice gap leads to forgiveness, restoring equity between transgressor and victim

what is the needs based model of justice repair

which needs have to be satisfied to repair justice- victims and transgressors have a need for moral learning and repair, broader community has a need for social order and moral/value consensus

explain justice repair

past orientated, goal is to achieve agreement about what has happened in the past, focuses on repairing justice itself by rebalancing payoffs, closing injustice gaps or satisfying victims needs

explain justice making

future orientated, focuses on recovering relationships that were damaged by agreeing on core values that define relationships

what is the cognitive pathway to religion

which cognitive biases give rise to religion- conceptual constraint, intuitive/folk dualism

what is the motivational pathway to religion

why individuals are drawn to religion, existential insecurity hypothesis (people use religion to cope with perceived threat)

what is the cultural learning pathway of religion

how is religion transmitted within communities

what does meta-analytic evidence show about gender

some consistent by small average gender differences between men and women

what does evolutionary psychology say about gender differences in psychology

they are reflective of adaptive challenges faced by men and women in evolutionary past

what does social learning theory say about gender differences

children lean gendered behaviour by observing and imitating gender normative behaviour

what does social role theory say about gender differences

long standing divisions of labour shape gender stereotypes

what does outgroup homogeneity suggest

people tend to view outgroup members as more similar to each other thhan ingroup members

what is confirmation bias

once people have a belief, they seek out info that validates this belief

what is illusory correlation

the tendency to see two events as casually connected that are not

how do people in east asian cultures view the self

as more connected to social roles and other people, key values are harmony and social order

what happens to a country as it becomes wealthier

it becomes more individualistic and hedonistic

how do collectivist cultures rate feminine traits

as less collectivist and instead just the norm

what style of parenting do collectivist cultures value

authoritarian styles based on obedience

what is private self awareness

awareness of who we want to be

what is public self awareness

awareness of how others are seeing and perceiving us

what is the ideal self

best possible self that you would want to be

what is the actual self

actual self concept at this moment

what is the ought self

self that you feel you should be

what does self discrepancy theory suggest

gaps between actual self and other selves lead to negative mood during self awareness

what can large gaps in actual self and other selves lead to

worse mood, motivation to change to match the ideal or ought self

what is the meaning maintenance model

any threat to meaning or expectations will lead to people restoring their sense of meaning

what is terror management theory

reminders of mortality trigger psychology defenses

what is compensatory control

when people’s sense of control is challenged, they compensate by believing others are in control

What is the stereotype content model

groups are stereotyped on two dimensions, warmth and competence

what is contact hypothesis

a lot of prejudice could be reduced if different groups spent more time with each other

what is aggression

behaviour directed towrads another individual with the immediate intent to cause harm when the perpetrator has the intent to cause harm

what do studies show about aggression

we tend to like people less and be more comfortable causing harm if we have already harmed them

what is the mirror image effect

both sides of a conflict see themselves identical

what has been suggested by Baumeister and Leary about belonging

people join groups simply because they have a basic need to belong

what is social identity theory

groups provide us with a sense of identity and self esteem

what is sociometer theory

groups provide an evolutionary advantage, self esteem is a gauge of how much we think we belong

what are emotions determined by

cognitive appraisals of situations, culture and past experiences

what does Haidt’s social intuitionist model argue

emotions are the most important factor in moral judgements

what is naive realism

we tend to think we see the world in objective ways

what is attribution

the reasons we give for why a person or group does or thinks or feels something

what is a bias blind spot

we acknowledge that bias exists, we just see it more in others than ourselves

what is self-serving bias

when making attributions, we tend to make conclusions that protect our self esteem

what is social constructionism

the idea that nearly everything is due to social factors

what does critical social psychology do

focuses on pointing out the limitations of existing social psychological research and theory

what does community social psychology do

focuses on the role of psychology on life in the community and the role of the community on the psychology of the individual