DBQ

Enlightenment

• Period of thought emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights (RSI)

• Grew from the Scientific Revolution and declining traditional authority.

• Thinkers like Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire shaped political philosophy.

• Promoted ideas of natural rights, social contract, and separation of powers.

• Inspired revolutions and reforms, including women’s rights (Wollstonecraft).

Seven Years’ War 1756-1763

• Global conflict between Britain/Prussia and France/Austria/Russia.

• Britain and France fought for land, Austria fought for revenge

• Caused by imperial competition for trade, colonies, and alliances with native peoples.

• Included the French and Indian War; Britain defeated France in North America.

• Treaty of Paris made Britain dominant; France lost territory; Spain gained Louisiana.

• War debt strained Britain and France, contributing to later revolutions.

American Revolution 1775

• Conflict between American colonies and Britain over independence.

• Caused by taxation without representation and Enlightenment ideals.

• Colonists gained French, Spanish, and Dutch support (Lafayette key).

• Resulted in U.S. independence and the Declaration of Independence.

• Inspired future revolutions, especially in France.

French Revolution 1789-1792 and 1792-1794

• Overthrow of monarchy and restructuring of French society.

• Caused by financial crisis, food shortages, and inequality in the Estates system.

• Key events: Tennis Court Oath, Bastille, abolition of monarchy, Reign of Terror, where Jacobins and Sans Cullotes took control after king was killed.

• The execution of the king marked the beginning of the reign of terror

• Thermidorian Reaction was where Robespierre was killed

• Produced major reforms like the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

• Ended with Napoleon rising to power.

Napoleon from beginning to end

• Rose during post-revolution chaos; became a popular general and ruler. 18th century coup Crumaire 1799z

• Created Napoleonic Code and made peace with the Church.

• Expanded French power but failed to defeat Britain and Russia.

• Exiled

• Escaped but defeated once and for all by Britain and Russia in battle of Waterloo

• Spread revolutionary ideals across Europe.

Congress of Vienna 1814-1815

• Meeting after Napoleon’s defeat to restore stability in Europe.

• Led by Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.

• Sought balance of power and restoration of monarchies.

• Created the Concert of Europe to maintain peace.

• Reinforced conservative, traditional rule.

Neoclassical art 1750-1830

• Art style inspired by Greek and Roman simplicity and civic virtue.

• Grew from Enlightenment values of reason and citizenship.

• Jacques-Louis David was a leading figure.

• Promoted public morality and political participation.

Romantic art 1810-1920

• Reaction against Enlightenment rationality; emphasized emotion and individuality.

• Focused on nationalism, nature, and inner feeling.

• Influenced by Rousseau’s emphasis on emotion over reason.

• Artists like Caspar David Friedrich expressed dramatic landscapes and personal emotion.

Haitian Movement 1791

• Successful slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.

• Caused by brutal slavery, racial inequality, and revolutionary ideals.

• Led by Toussaint Louverture, later continued by Dessalines.

• Defeated French forces and declared independence as Haiti.

• First Black republic; ended slavery in the colony.