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Reflexes and Receptors
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1
What are receptors in the body?
Structures that detect changes in the body’s internal or external environment.
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2
What is an example of a grouped receptor in a sense organ?
The eye, which contains light receptors.
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3
How do receptors send signals to the body?
When stimulated, receptors enable the body to respond to changes, sometimes through automatic reflexes.
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4
What do thermoreceptors respond to?
Heat and cold.
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5
Where are peripheral thermoreceptors found?
In the skin and some mucous membranes.
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6
What is the role of thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus?
To monitor core body temperature by detecting blood temperature.
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7
What do osmoreceptors sense?
Osmotic pressure, related to the concentration of substances in blood plasma.
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8
What is the function of chemoreceptors in the nose?
To detect odors.
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9
What is the function of chemoreceptors in the mouth?
To sense tastes.
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10
Where are touch receptors primarily located?
Mainly in the skin.
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11
Do touch receptors adapt over time?
Yes, touch receptors close to the skin surface and those attached to hairs adapt rapidly.
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12
What are nociceptors?
Pain receptors that warn the body of tissue damage.
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13
How do pain receptors respond to stimulation?
They do not adapt and continue to send signals as long as the stimulus is present.
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14
What is the function of stretch receptors?
To respond to the stretching of surrounding muscle tissue.
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15
What is a reflex?
A rapid, automatic response to a change in the environment.
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16
What are the properties of all reflexes?
Stimulus required, involuntary, rapid response, stereotyped reaction.
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17
What is a spinal reflex?
A reflex processed by the spinal cord alone.
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18
What is a reflex arc?
The pathway a nerve impulse follows from a receptor to an effector.
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19
What are the components of a reflex arc?
Receptor, sensory neuron, synapse, motor neuron, effector.
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20
What happens during a simple reflex arc involving 3 neurons?
Response occurs quickly while simultaneously sending impulses to the brain.
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21
What are innate reflexes?
Automatic, instinctive reactions present from birth.
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22
What are acquired reflexes?
Complex motor patterns learned through repetition.
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23
What are some similarities between hormonal and nervous coordination?
Some substances act as both hormones and neurotransmitters, and certain hormones are secreted by neurons.
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24
What is the nature of messages in the nervous system?
Electrochemical (electrical impulses and neurotransmitters).
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25
How are messages transmitted in the endocrine system?
Through chemicals (hormones) in the bloodstream.
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26
Which cells are affected by the nervous system?
Muscle and gland cells, and other neurons.
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27
Which cells are affected by the endocrine system?
All body cells.
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28
How fast is the response time for the nervous system?
Rapid, within milliseconds.
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29
How long do responses last for the nervous system compared to the endocrine system?
Nervous responses are brief, while endocrine responses are longer-lasting.
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30
What is an example of a protective reflex present from birth?
Suckling.
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31
What type of reflex involves voluntary muscle adjustments?
Acquired reflexes.
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32
Which receptors are sensitive to osmotic pressure changes?
Osmoreceptors.
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33
What do chemoreceptors in blood vessels respond to?
pH of blood and concentrations of O2 and CO2.
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34
What is the function of pain receptors?
To warn about potential tissue damage and allow for reactions to minimize injury.
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35
What are touch receptors that respond to light touch called?
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to very light touches.
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36
What is the role of the hypothalamus regarding temperature?
It receives information from thermoreceptors to regulate body temperature.
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37
In what areas are touch receptors greater in concentration?
Sensitive areas such as lips, fingertips, and eyelids.
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38
What happens to the nerve impulses during a spinal reflex?
Impulses are sent to the motor neuron without requiring immediate input to the brain.
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