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Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes the cell membrane as a flexible structure composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Selective Permeability
The ability of a cell membrane to regulate the passage of substances across it.
Polar Molecules
Molecules with an unequal distribution of charge, which do not pass freely through the nonpolar interior of the cell membrane.
Nonpolar Molecules
Molecules with an equal charge distribution that can diffuse easily through the nonpolar membrane core.
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower water concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
The process by which transport proteins help polar molecules or ions cross the membrane down their concentration gradient.
Simple Diffusion
The movement of molecules from high to low concentration without the need for transport proteins.
Endocytosis
The process of bringing large molecules or substances into the cell.
Exocytosis
The process of exporting large molecules or substances out of the cell.
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis that engulfs large particles.
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
A type of endocytosis that relies on binding specific molecules.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Order, reproduction, growth, response to environment, regulation, energy processing, evolutionary adaptation.
Hypothesis-Driven Scientific Studies
Involves formulating a testable hypothesis and designing experiments to test its validity.
Controlled Experiments
Experiments with one manipulated variable for comparison.
Observational Studies
Studies that rely on existing data without manipulating variables.
Organic Macromolecules
Four major categories: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Protein Synthesis
The process involving DNA, mRNA, and ribosomes to create proteins.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
Kinetic Energy
Energy associated with motion.
Potential Energy
Stored energy based on an object's position or structure.
Energy Transformation
Conversion of energy from one form to another.
Energy Coupling
Using energy from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions.
ATP
A molecule used by cells to store and transfer energy.
Photosynthesis
The process converting light energy into chemical energy in plants.
Cellular Respiration
The process of breaking down organic molecules to release stored energy as ATP.
Redox Reactions
Reactions involving the transfer of electrons, with oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously.
Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a molecule.
Reduction
The gain of electrons by a molecule.
NAD+
A coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier in cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
The first step of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvate.
Citric Acid Cycle
The second stage of cellular respiration, further breaking down pyruvate and producing ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The final stage of cellular respiration generating most ATP.
Hormones
Chemical messengers that coordinate body functions through signaling.
Water-Soluble Hormones
Hormones that cannot pass through cell membranes and bind to surface receptors.
Lipid-Soluble Hormones
Hormones that can pass through cell membranes and bind to internal receptors.
Insulin
A water-soluble hormone regulating glucose uptake in cells.
Glucagon
A hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the blood.
Type 1 Diabetes
A condition where the body does not produce sufficient insulin.
Type 2 Diabetes
A condition where insulin is produced but cells are resistant to its effects.
Enzyme Inhibition
Regulation of enzyme activity through inhibitors.
Competitive Inhibition
Inhibition in which an inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Inhibition where the inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, altering the enzyme's shape.
Endocrine Disruptors
Chemicals that interfere with hormonal systems, leading to potential health issues.
Metabolic Disorders
Conditions resulting from abnormal biochemistry, such as diabetes.
Active Transport
Energy-requiring movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.
Facilitated Transport
Transport of molecules across membranes via proteins without energy input.
Coenzyme
An organic molecule that assists enzymes in their activity.
Cell Membrane
A semi-permeable barrier surrounding the cell's interior.
Feedback Mechanism
A process that regulates hormone levels and maintains homeostasis.
Thermal Energy
Energy that results from the movement of particles, often lost as heat.
Homeostasis
The tendency of biological systems to maintain stable internal conditions.
Cellular Homeostasis
The process by which cells regulate their internal environment.
