TAY Midterm Study Guide

thank you joshua we say in unison

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Railroad financial bubble burst, strikes from Baltimore to St. Louis, Union roots

Economic Change

Shift of structure in economic system

Taylorism

Frederick Winslow Taylor's "scientific management" concept emphasized simple, coordinated industry operations, machine tool innovation, mass market growth, and increased efficiency by "subdividing" tasks.

Corporation

Corporations are legally established businesses with stockholders who share profits but are not personally liable for debts, allowing for substantial capital access and limited liability.

The Great Merger Movement

During this period, small firms consolidated to form powerful institutions, forming rivals like General Electric, DuPont, and JP Morgan, dominating their markets.

Robber Barons

Individuals who have amassed wealth through fraudulent activities such as swindling investors, taxpayers, and officials.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggles is known as the SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.

industrial working conditions

American workers faced long hours, low pay, and low income due to mechanization and mass production, leading to strikes for higher wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.

Unionization

employees working together to make a difference in the workplace

The Knights of Labor

The union welcomed both skilled and unskilled workers into its ranks.

The Haymarket Affair

A bomb exploded during a strike protest, making unions appear violent and linked to radicalism, leading to the failure of Knights of Labor.

The American Federation of Labor

The AFL, a coalition of craft unions, opposed the Knights' pro-producerist economic vision and advocated for "pure and simple trade unionism," despite persistent strikes.

The Homestead Strike

The AFL's strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant ended with detectives surrendering, but the government sent in militia to shut it down and reopen it.

The Pullman Strike

Pullman cut wages but refused rent reduction in "company town". Eugene Debs sued, resulting in a strike. Governor refused militia, but president ended the strike.

The farmers alliance

Farmers' Alliance aimed to restore economic power to farmers by uniting them against big business, enabling them to share machinery, bargain from wholesalers, and negotiate higher crop prices.

The People's Party (Populists)

The Farmer's Alliance, later known as Populists, united farmers and industrial workers to address political flaws in Gilded Age America, appealing to supporters across the nation.

The Omaha Platform

Populist party's 1892 Omaha convention agenda called for unlimited silver coinage, government regulation, graduated income tax, and election reforms to counter monopolistic capitalism and shift power to the nation's producing classes.

William Jennings

A US lawyer and politician who advocated for free silver and prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school from 1860-1925.

Free Silver

The political issue revolves around the unlimited coinage of silver, backed by farmers and William Jennings Bryan.

Eugene Debs

The American Railway Union leader, who supported workers during the Pullman strike, was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike ended.

The West

Depicted by tipis(small Indian tent), cabins, cowboys, Indians, farm wives in sunbonnets, and outlaws with six-shooters.

The Allure of Land

The Homestead Act of 1862, which granted free land to settle and develop in the West, primarily attracted westward migration.

The Homestead Act

In 1862, the West was granted free land for those willing to settle and develop it, thereby promoting westward migration.

Independent Indians

Jefferson aimed for Native Americans to reside in isolation in the West before the commencement of expansion.

The Dakota War (Sioux Uprising)

The Dakota Sioux and Minnesota white settlers engaged in a conflict due to new farms, starvation, and war, ultimately losing their resistance through ambushes.

The Sand Creek Massacre

In 1864, Colorado militia killed a Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian camp due to settlers' intrusion in Indian land for gold.The Long Walk & The Treaty of Bosque Redondo

The Long Walk & The Treaty of Bosque Redondo

The Navajo people were forced to relocate to the Bosque Redondo reservation, but a treaty was signed allowing them to return to their land after General Sherman's visit.

Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce

A group of Indians, led on a trek to escape to Canada, eventually surrendered and were forced to move to a reservation in Oklahoma.

Railroads in the West

The transportation of people and goods across the continent has significantly contributed to the growth of big businesses.

Transcontinental Railroad

The railroad was a vital transportation system that connected the west and east coasts of the continental US.

The Rise of Chicago

The city became the most significant in the West, serving as a hub for the slaughter of cattle from Texas.

The Cattle Drives

The term refers to the forced migration of large numbers of cattle to the railroads for Eastward transportation.

Dawes Act

The 1887 law aimed to civilize Native Americans by distributing reservation land to individual owners.

The Ghost Dance

Natives engage in a religious dance to communicate with the dead and address issues such as droughts, buffalo hunting, and white settlers.

Wounded Knee

The U.S. soldiers' massacre of 300 unarmed Native Americans at Wounded Knee Creek, SD, marked the end of Native resistance.

The West in Pop Culture

cowboys, rodeos, stories of train robbers & indians, etc.

Wild West Shows

Traveling vaudeville performances in the US and Europe utilized music, dance, comedy, and trained animals to tell romanticized Wild West stories.

Buffalo Bill

The United States showman, known for his Wild West Show (1846-1917), was renowned for his entertaining performances.

Annie Oakley

The United States sharpshooter who appeared in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show from 1860-1926 was a prominent figure in the country's history.

Frontier Thesis

Turner's stereotypical thesis posited that the West represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over.

The railroads

Railroads facilitated capital concentration, corporations, and fortunes during the Gilded Age, uniting farmers and immigrants, and connecting towns and cities.

The National Market

The improvement in transportation and communication networks has significantly facilitated to a nationwide economic system.

Electricity

Energy used in telegraphy since 1840s, lighting, industrial motors, and railroads since 1880s.

Urbanization

The population and percentage of people living in urban settlements has increased.

Immigration

20 million immigrants arrived in the U.S. due to religious persecution, land and job shortages in Europe, raising concerns about their potential to fully Americanize.

Machine Politics

The term refers to a political system where party leaders exchanged jobs, money, and favors for votes and campaign support.

Henry Grady & the "New South"

The man, a booster and editor of the Atlanta Constitution, advocated for ex-confederates to become "Georgia Yankees" and dominate the commercial and industrial game.

Jim Crow

Laws aimed at enforcing the segregation of blacks from whites.

Lynching

putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law

Rebecca Latimer Felton

The first woman to serve in the U.S. Senate, she endorsed lynching to protect women's possessions from drunken men, advocated for a thousand lynches a week.

Ida B. Wells

An African American journalist shared statistics about lynching and encouraged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white-owned stores.

Voter Suppression

A voting strategy is a tactic used to prevent or discourage individuals from voting, aiming to influence the outcome of an election.

The Lost Cause

The North labeled these white southerners who viewed the Civil War defeat as a temporary setback in the South's ultimate vindication. Ultimately making them a lost cause.

Birth of a Nation

D.W. Griffith's controversial but influential silent film showcased the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

The "Gospel of Wealth"

Carnegie's book emphasized the rich's responsibility to be philanthropists, reducing the harshness of Social Darwinism and promoting the concept of philanthropy.

Business & Morals

Andrew Carnegie advocated for the moral obligation of the rich to donate to charity.

Gender Norms

Women are supposed to be women and men are supposed to be men.

Women Activist

Women's efforts against alcohol, often simultaneously aimed at self-liberation, led to a significant moral reform during the period.

Muscular Christianity

Charles Kingsley led an evangelical movement that embraced the blend of Christian and chivalric ideals of manliness.

Popular Entertainment

The phonograph's major market was primarily dominated by entertainment.

The Concept of "Empire"

The United States has a significant political, economic, military, and cultural influence.

American Intervention in China

The US supported the Nationalists by deterring Communist invasion and assisting Jiang Jieshi's government in Taiwan, promoting social and economic reforms.

American Interventions in Mexico

The revolution and chaos in the United States significantly impacted American military forces and threatened their business interests.

American Missionaries

Throughout the 19th century, American Christians aimed to "Christianize" the west and the world.

USS Maine

A ship explodes off Cuba's coast in Havana harbor, contributing to the start of the Spanish-American War.

William McKinley

The 25th president, responsible for the Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the annexation of Hawaii, was assassinated by an anarchist.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Spanish-American War

In 1898, the United States supported the Cubans' independence fight in a conflict with Spain.

Philippine-American War

The Philippine-US armed conflict from 1899-1902 escalated into a brutal guerilla war, resulting in village destruction, civilian deaths, and torture, culminating in Aguinaldo's surrender in 1902.

anti-imperialism

The US is viewed as a normal country, avoiding expansion overseas and allowing other countries to remain as they are.

Theodore Roosevelt

The 26th president, known for his conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, and Nobel Peace Prize for Russo-Japanese War negotiation.

The Big Stick, Roosevelt Corollary, Foreign Policy

Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy, known as the "big stick," embodied his ability to use military force if necessary to intimidate countries without causing harm. Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine granted the US the right to safeguard its economic interests in South and Central America through military force. In short his foreign policy stated have peaceful negotiation while also demonstrating resilience in case of a mishap.

American interventions in Latin America

During the expansion of America they proposed to Panama canal which the Panama government refused.

Panama Canal

The Panama Canal, costing $400 million, was built by the United States to facilitate passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic.

Women and Imperialism

Women in America, not only represented American business but also served as missionaries, teachers, medical professionals, artists, and writers, influencing ideas about imperialism.

"civilization"

The influence and spread of American, Christian culture

Sources of Immigration

Southern/Eastern Europe, Asia/Latin America, and Africans were major sources of immigrants to the US between 1880-1920s, with 500,000 forced immigrants to the current US.

Anti-immigrant sentiment

The belief that excessive immigration, particularly Chinese immigrants in the western U.S., was causing significant cultural changes.

Chinese Exclusion Act

In 1882, the United States prohibited the entry of any more Chinese laborers into America, allowing only students and merchants to do so.

Catholicism and American culture

Catholicism and American culture are distinct elements in a melting pot, each bringing unique flavors and traditions to society's beliefs and practices. (TBD)

Reform

The demand for voting rights and higher wages became the word of the day.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

In 1911, a chained-off factory in Manhattan prevented 200 women employees from escaping a fire by closing the doors. This caused the death of 146 garment workers, 123 women and 23 men.

Muckrakers

Roosevelt labeled journalists who exposed business practices, poverty, and corruption as the Muckrakers, who spoke truths to power.

Looking Backward

Edward Bellamy's 1888 novel, "The Picture of Dorian Gray," was a widely acclaimed work.

Walter Rauschenbusch

A German Baptist church pastor in NYC, he promoted the social gospel to tackle issues like crime and poverty.

The Club Movement

Organizations provided assistance to communities and women in a significant political struggle.

The Woman's Christian Temperance Union

The organization was established to combat or fight drunkenness.

Jane Addams and Hull House

Addams, a Rockford Female Seminary graduate, founded the Hull House in Chicago, providing care for women and children through classes, clubs, and social events.

Women's Suffrage

The push for women's inclusion in American public life has been significant.

The Trusts

A monopoly or cartel was a form of exclusive control over a specific product or industry by large corporations during the Gilded and Progressive Eras.

Business Regulation

The series of federal and state laws aimed to regulate the rapid growth of businesses.

The 1912 Presidential Election

Roosevelt's selection led to the establishment of his own party, the Progressive or "Bull Moose Party," to run for president. President Woodrow Wilson ended up winning this election.

John Muir

The founder of the Sierra Club and a naturalist.

The Conservation Movement

The initiative was initiated with an environmental utilitarianism approach, focusing on resources, planning, control, and zero waste.

Disfranchisement

Progressive, electoral, and social reforms were instrumental in advocating for this change.

Segregation

The separation was based on tax, color, and other requirements.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

The individual contested the segregation laws in Louisiana.

Booker T. Washington

established Tuskegee institute in Alabama. Accepted disfranchisement and social segregation as long as white Americans would allow black Americans to make there own opportunities and have secure justice in court.

The "Atlanta Compromise" Speech

was written by Booker T. Washington to improve life under segregation.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Believed that industrial education and vocational training would aid African Americans in achieving economic independence.