Ch 25 STUDYGUIDE

RNA viruses (much overlaps w/ ch 6)

RNA Viruses

influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, hanta, SARS, ebola, Hep C, HIV

what are prions

misfolded proteins that induce other normal proteins to misfold

what causes Spongiform Encephalitis

Spongiform encephalitis refers to degenerative brain diseases that result in the brain tissue developing a spongy (sponge-like) appearance due to neuronal loss and vacuole formation. It is most often caused by prions — misfolded infectious proteins.

what caauses Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)

a rare, fatal, neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions — misfolded proteins that accumulate in the brain, leading to spongiform changes (sponge-like holes in brain tissue).

Normal Prion Protein (PrPᶜ)

Alpha-helix rich (normal folding)

Abnormal Prion Protein (PrPˢᶜ)

Beta-sheet rich (misfolded structure), Converts normal PrPᶜ into PrPˢᶜ, triggering a chain reaction

antigentic shift vs. antigentic drift

shift: small, gradual mutations in surface proteins

drift: MAJOR genetic changes (reassortment)

Kolpik Spots vs Exanthem (with respect to measles)

Kolpik Spots: small, white lesions inside the cheeks (early measles sign)

Exanthem: the widespread skin rash (shows a few days after the Kolpik spots)

what is the MMR vaccine

a vaccine that protects against measles, mumps, and rubella

list the clinical signs of rabies

1. prodromal phase: fever, nausea, vomiting, headcahe, ftaigue

2. furious phase: first acute signs of neurological involvment

3. paralytic phase: not hyperactive, paralyzed, disoriented, progresses into the coma phase

what are some common carriers of rabies

bats, racoons, coyotes, skunks, any animal that bites without provocation

COVID-19 is caused by:

SARS-CoV-2

(MERS) Middle Eastern Respiratory syndrome is caused by:

MERS-CoV

(SARS) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is caused by

SARS-CoV

Mild Upper Respiratory Illness (cold) is caused by

HCoV-229E

West Nile Virus

causes fever, fatigue,body aches, joint pain, most recover

spread from mosquitos who become infected aafter feeding on birds

Dengue

• Sudden high fever, Severe muscle and joint pain ("breakbone fever"), Headache and behind-the-eyes pain, Rash, Nausea, vomiting

• Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

• Can be life-threatening due to plasma leakage and organ failure

Zika Virus

• Mild fever

• Rash

• Joint pain (especially hands and feet)

• Conjunctivitis (red eyes)

• Headache

• Microcephaly and other severe birth defects if pregnant women are infected

with HIV treatment, Protease Inhibitors do:

• Block the HIV protease enzyme

• Without protease, HIV cannot form mature, infectious viruses

with HIV treatment, Integrase inhibitors. do:

• Block the integrase enzyme

• Without integration, HIV cannot establish a permanent infection