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Memory
The ability to store and retrieve information over time
Semantic Encoding
the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory
Visual Imagery Encoding
the process of storing information by converting it into mental pictures
Method of Loci
a mnemonic device where items to be remembered items are visually associated with landmarks along a well-known path
The Peg Word Technique
a mnemonic device where items to be remembered are visually paired with ordered items
(ex. 1 is a bun, 2 is a shoe, 3 is a tree, etc. and associating tasks with these items to remember your to-do’s)
Organizational Encoding
categorizing - involves organizing information into groups or categories
Storage
the process of maintaining memory over time
Sensory Memory
brief retention of sensory memory
Short Term Memory
holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds, but less than a minute
(info will stay in the short term memory as long as you rehearse it)
How do you increase the capacity of short term memory?
Chunking - combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks
Explicit Memory
when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences
Semantic Memory
a network of associated facts and knowledge that make up our general knowledge
Episodic Memory
the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place
Implicit Memory
past experiences influence later behavior and performance even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them
Priming
the ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of recent exposure to a stimulus
Procedural Memory
the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things
Retrieval Cue
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
Encoding Specificity Principal
a retrieval cure is most effective when it helps recreate the way the information was encoded
Physical Context Experiment
people are better at remembering words under the same circumstances you studied them
(ex. scuba divers learning in water vs. out of water)
Mental Context
tendency for information to be better recalled when you in the same state for encoding and retrieval
Hypermnesia (HPSAM)
never forget, never switch out of first person
Herman Ebbinghaus
Learned series of meaningless syllables
Examined retention over time
Looked at ways to improve retention
Anterograde Amnesia
the inability to transfer new information from the short term store into the long term store
(H.M., Clive Wearing)
Retrograde Amnesia
the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation
Consolidation
a process by which memories become more stable in the brain
