Heuristics

What is the availability heuristic?

A heuristic where people make judgments about the likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.

How does drug advertising influence health perceptions?

It affects the perceived prevalence of illnesses as recalled information can skew judgments.

What does the representativeness heuristic involve?

Judging the probability of an event based on how much it resembles a stereotype, often ignoring base rates.

In the example given, why do people often choose A (Bob plays trumpet) over B (Bob is a farmer)?

Because the description of Bob matches the stereotype of musicians more than that of farmers.

What is anchoring in decision-making?

A cognitive bias where initial exposure to a number influences subsequent judgments.

Give an example of how anchoring can affect real estate decisions.

The price of the first house shown may influence perceptions of subsequent houses.

What is the take-the-best heuristic?

A decision-making rule where choices are made based on a single attribute considered the most important.

How did customs officers use the take-the-best heuristic?

They determined searches based on cues such as airport of origin or nationality.

What is attentional bias?

The tendency to pay attention to certain things while ignoring others, affecting decision-making.

What can emotional biases lead to in decision-making?

They can lead to subjective and irrational judgments based on personal feelings.

How can biases in memory recall affect decision-making?

They show that memories can be manipulated and are not exact replicas of reality.

What are fast and frugal heuristics?

Decision-making strategies that are effective under conditions of limited knowledge, time, and resources.