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Microbes
Organisms that are only visible using a microscope
Cellular microbes
Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi
Acellular microbes
Viruses
Original replicating molecule
Fulfilled both enzymatic & hereditary function
Ribozymes
RNA strands that have no free nucleotides to pair, folds and pairs with own bases
All organisms descended from
Luca
What separated first
Bacteria and archaea
What led to increase in o2 in earths atmosphere
Evolution of photosynthetic bacteria (Cyanobacteria)
How eukaryotes formed
Archaea cell merged with bacterial cell
How did great oxygenation event occur
Build up of o2 by Cyanobacteria
What happens after great oxygenation event
1st multicellular eukaryotes evolve, then 1st photosynthetic eukaryotes
How does refraction occur
Light refracts when passing from one medium to another
What determines direction and magnitude of bending
Refractive indices of two media forming the interface
What do convex lenses do
Focus light at a specific point (focal point)
What is focal length
Distance between centre of lens and the focal point
Strength of lens is related to focal length
Short focal length = greater magnification
Resolution
Ability of lens to distinguish two distinct points
Fixation
How organisms firmly attach to microscope slide
Heat fixation
Preserves overall morphology but not internal structures (bacteria & archaea)
Chemical fixation
Protects fine cellular substructure and morphology (larger more delicate organisms)
What do dyes do
Make internal and external structures of cell more visible by increasing contrast with background
Phase contract microscope
Converts differences in cell density into detected variations in light intensity
Fluorescence microscope
Excitation with light of specific wavelength causes fluorescent protein to emit longer wavelength light