heredity

Mendel's Law of Segregation

States that alleles on homologous chromosomes move independently and separate to opposite poles during Anaphase I.

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Describes how pairs of homologous chromosomes orient and move independently to the metaphase plate during Metaphase I.

Probability in Genetics

Refers to the likelihood of a certain outcome occurring, ranging between 0 and 1.00.

Complete Dominance

Phenomenon where the dominant allele is fully expressed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present.

Incomplete Dominance

A situation where the alleles blend, resulting in a phenotype that is intermediate between the two.

Codominance

Both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype, as seen in AB blood type in humans.

Universal Donor

Type O blood can be given to anyone as it has no A or B antigens.

Universal Recipient

Type AB blood can receive from any blood type without causing a reaction.

Pedigree

A family history used to predict the occurrence of traits in future generations.

Recessive Disorders

Only manifest in homozygous recessive genotypes; carriers are typically unaffected.

Cystic Fibrosis

A common lethal genetic disorder among Europeans affecting chloride ion transport.

Sickle-Cell Disease

Disorder common among Africans characterized by abnormal hemoglobin causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped.

Dominant Disorders

Disorders that require only one allele to be expressed, often leading to more severe manifestations in homozygous dominant individuals.

Achondroplasia

Genetic dwarfism affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 births.

Huntington's Disease

A late-onset neurodegenerative disorder with a genetic basis typically affecting individuals in their 40s or 50s.

Genetic Counseling

A service that provides information regarding the risks of genetic disorders in offspring based on family history.

Linked Genes

Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together.

Sex-Linked Genes

Genes located on sex chromosomes, most commonly associated with the X chromosome.

Color Blindness

A sex-linked disorder affecting the ability to see certain colors due to a faulty gene on the X chromosome.

Hemophilia

A disorder characterized by the inability to clot blood due to the lack of anti-hemolytic factor, often seen in males.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of chromosomes due to nondisjunction during cell division.

Chromosomal Errors

Errors that can occur during cell division, leading to changes in chromosome structure or number.

Down's Syndrome

A genetic disorder resulting from an extra 21st chromosome, affecting approximately 1 in 700 births.

Turner’s Syndrome

A condition in which an individual is missing one of the X chromosomes, leading to underdeveloped sexual characteristics.