zoology lab - exam 1

eyepiece

body tube

course adjustment knob

fine adjustment knob

revolving nose piece

objective

condenser

inclination joint

mirror

base

ocular lenses

arm

slide clips

objective

revolving nosepiece

stage

condensor

substage iris diaphragm

fine focus

course focus

slide position knob

base

light source

power switch

magnification: 4x

total magnification: 40x
aka: scanning objective

magnification: 10x

total magnification: 100x
aka: LPO

magnification: 40x

total magnification: 400x
aka: HPO

magnification: 100x

total magnification: 1000x
aka: OIO (oil immersion objective)

interphase

prophase

later prophase

metaphase

early anaphase

anaphase

telophase

later telophase

what is fertilization?

haploid gametes of a species fuse to form a zygote

what is cleavage?

zygote undergoing mitotic divisions

what is a blastula?

zygote that has undergone several cell division, and rearranges into a hollow structure

parts of a blastula

blastoderm - the divided cells
blastocoel - space inside cell

types of cleavage, their descriptions, and examples

holoblastic - complete cleavage; less yolk (sea urchin, frog, mammal)
mesoblastic - incomplete cleavage; more yolk (insect, bird, fish, reptiles)

what is gastrulation

blastula folds in on itself forming 3 layers (germ layers) of cells (aka: gastrula)

ectoderm

endoderm

archenteron

blastophore

blastocoel

what are the 3 germ layers

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

what is organogenesis

formation of organs via differentiation of germ layers

organogenesis starts with the formation of the neural tube. what are the stages of forming the neural tube?

neural plate, neural fold, neural groove, neural tube

starfish - morula stage

starfish - 8-cell stage

starfish - fertilized ovum

starfish - unfertilized ovum

starfish - invagination

starfish - blastula

starfish - early gastrula

ignore arrow

starfish - late gastrula

starfish - 4-cell stage

starfish - 2-cell stage

starfish - bipinnaria

frog - 2 cell stage

black arrow - cleavage furrow

ignore arrows

frog morula

identify arrows

frog - blastula

black arrow - blastocoel

ignore arrows

frog - early gastrula

identify arrows

frog - gastrula

black arrow - blastocoel
black arrowhead - archenteron
blue arrow - presumptive neural plate
green arrow: presumptive notochord
yellow arrow - yolk plug
red arrow - blastophore

identify arrows

frog - early neurula

black arrowhead - neural groove
black arrow - neural fold

identify arrows

frog - neurula

black arrow - neural tube

What is blood?