The Reformation

The most demanding monastic order of Martin Luther's day

Augustinians

Claimed full forgiveness for any person buying an indulgence. “Why let your mother roast in Hell when for a silver she could be in heaven.

Tetzel

He needed to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter’s in the Vatican. He commissioned Friar Tetzel to sell indulgences. He tried to ignore the 95 theses, but Luther’s ideas were spreading rapidly. He couldn’t pay his bills.

Leo X

Forced Luther to admit that his teachings were similar to those of Huss who was burnt at the stake for false teaching (heresy). He was one of the greatest Roman Catholic scholars in Europe and went against Luther in the Debate at Leipzig.

John Eck

Luther’s feudal lord and duke of Saxony. He owed Luther protection in exchange for Luther’s loyalty and work.

Fredrick the Wise

One of Europe’s most powerful rulers and a deeply committed Roman Catholic who was related to the pope. He declared Luther an “outlaw” free to be hunted and put to death.

Charles V

Luther nailed the theses to the door at this place on October 31, 1517.

Wartburg Castle

A former nun who married Luther. She was financially wise and kept the Reformation on budget and well organized. Luther and Catherine had six children.

Catherine von Bora

This declared that each elector of the German states could determine if his state was to be 100% Lutheran or Roman Catholic

1st Diet of Speier

this made Luther Christianity illegal. it was called when the Turkish threat diminished in 1529

2nd Diet of Speier

Here, the Lutherans tried to bring religious unity to the Holy Roman Empire (Germany) by proposing the Augsburg Confession of Faith (written by Philip Melanchthon) as a national creed.

Diet of Augsburg

It was written by Philip Melancthon. It was brought up by Germany and proposed to be the national creed.

Augsburg Confession

wrote Augsburg Confession of Faith which dealt with the Diet of Augsburg.

Melanchthon

It was Charles V's attempt to destroy the Protestants. Charles delayed his invasion of Protestant Germany for 16 years until the Turkish threat diminished. Emperor Charles conquered much of the Lutheran section of Germany including Wittenberg.

Schmalkaldic War

It is a document or treaty that allowed for Lutheran and Catholic states in Germany.

Peace of Augsburg

Luther’s most famous hymn

"A Mighty Fortress"

From 1618-1648 this war was fought over Germany. The Holy Roman Empire was falling apart and the powers of Europe tried to seize territory to add to their own. This is sometimes called a religious war and at times people were murdered because of their form of Christianity. Germany was decimated; ⅔ of its population either immigrated or were killed.

30 Year War

This allowed Lutherans, Reformed, and Catholics religious freedom in the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia

Henry’s older brother married this woman in order to seal an alliance between Spain and England. When his brother died, Henry was forced to marry her. The pope had to give special permission for the marriage to be considered proper. They had 1 child, Mary. 

Catherine of Aragon

her only child was a girl, Elizabeth. Henry had her beheaded for adultery”

Anne Boleyn

He was 9 years old when he became king. Protestants gained control of England. However, Edward was sickly throughout his reign and died at age 15.

Edward VI

For Her to be ruling queen, England had to be Roman Catholic. She forced parliament to return England to Rome by burning over 300 Englishmen who refused. She reigned for only 5 years and had no heir.

Bloody Mary

She claimed the crown of England and secured it, and she is the daughter of Henry. Brought a very watered-down form of Protestantism to England. She was declared “governor” of the church. She brought peace to England and a greater sense of religious unity. England developed as a sea power during her rule and captured many of Spain’s holdings in the Western hemisphere. Two states were named for her; Virginia and West Virginia. She never married.

Elizabeth I

His 42 articles and the book of common prayer were approved as the national creed and liturgy for worship. He was burned by bloody Mary and ran to the place of execution and held the hand he had used to sign his recantation into the flames, saying it must suffer first for the evil it had done.

Thomas Cranmer:

All English pastors were to follow these and the Book of Common prayer when Queen Elizabeth was in rule

39 Articles:

Mary’s husband, Phillip II of Spain and ruler of much of Europe, Mexico, and the Americas, claimed the English throne. Although Elizabeth claimed the throne, Phillip did not give up easily. He used the wealth of the Americas to build the greatest Navy ever seen to invade England and burn the heretic queen Elizabeth.

Spanish Armada

Many English Christians felt that Elizabeth’s reforms did not go far enough which resulted in them coming to America. Their Emphasis on faith in God, education, representative democracy, and free enterprise capitalism were huge factors in the USA’s rise to greatness.

Puritans and Pilgrims

was approved as national creed and liturgy for worship

Book of Common Prayer

Henry forced Parliament to pass this which made the King Head of the English

Act of Supremacy