AP HUG vocab

formal region

formal region

An area in which most people share in one or more distinctive characteristics.

Cartogram

a map in which the projection and scale are distorted in order to convey the information of a variable

Choropleth Map

A map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable.

thematic map

a map that emphasizes a single idea or a particular kind of information about an area

graduated symbol map

A map that displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable.

Political map

a map that shows the names and borders of countries

Dot Density/Distribution Map

Depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over an area. Each dot represents a predetermined number of observations, which could be one or many.

Isoline Map

connects with lines all the places that have particular values

Mental Map

A representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located.

Mercator Projection

a projection of a map of the world onto a cylinder in such a way that all the parallels of latitude have the same length as the equator, used especially for marine charts and certain climatological maps.

physical map

A map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

Polar Projection

map projection centered on earths north or south pole

Concentration

the extent of a feature's spread over a given area

Dispersed/Dispersion

The spacing of people within geographic population boundaries.

Density

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

Distortion

a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map

Scale (Variations in Scale)

The relationship between the portion of earth being studied and Earth as a whole

Global Positioning System

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

GIS

A computer system that captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data.

remote sensing

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

heterogeneity

the quality or state of being diverse in character or content.

homogeneity

the quality of being similar or comparable in kind or nature

Regionalization

the process of dividing up the earth into smaller regions or units or the tendency to form decentralized regions.

spatial interaction

the movement of peoples, ideas, and commodities between different places.

Environmental Possiblism (Possiblism)

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.

environmental determinism

A nineteenth- and early twentieth-century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.

Contagious Diffusion

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

relocation diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

Hierarchical Diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle.

Expansion Diffusion

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a additive process.

Functional Region

An area organized around a node or focal point

Perceptual (vernacular) region

an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

Age- Sex diagrams (population pyramids)

A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.

Antinatalist policies (Restrictive Population Policies)

Government Policy that supports lower birth rate

Arithmetic Population Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Carry Capacity

The population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources.

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Demographic Momentum

the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

Demographic Transition Model

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Dependancy Ratio

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force.

Epedimiologic Transition Model

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Esther Borsup

A famous agricultural geographer. Her theory is based on the premise that population growth is a positive force in agricultural innovation, that it drives technology forward.

eugenic population policies

Policies that favor one racial group and may lead to the subjugation of other groups with less political or social capital.

Neo-Malthusians

A group of people that Believe that the population of the world is growing too quickly for the scale of agricultural production to keep up.

physiologic population density

the number of people per unit of arable (farmable) land

Agricultural Population Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable(farm) land.

population density

The number of persons per unit of land area.

population doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase,

population planning

The practice of managing the growth rate of a human population.

pronatalist policy (Expansive Population Policies)

Government policy that supports higher birth rates

rate of natural increase

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

Thomas Malthus' Theory

The world's population was growing faster than the rate of food production, and as a result, mass starvation would occur.

zero population growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Asylum

A person fleeing persecution or conflict, and therefore seeking international protection under the 1951 Refugee Convention on the Status of Refugees.

Atlantic Slave Trade

Slaves were sent across the Atlantic Ocean to all parts of the Americas including North America, Central America, the Caribbean islands, and South America.

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

Counter Migration

The return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated.

Cyclical Movement

The process of moving around to find work in various seasons.

Distance Decay

As the distance between two places increases, the interaction between those two places decreases.

Emigration

Migration from a location

Forced Migration (Involuntary Migration)

Permanent movement, compelled by cultural or environmental factors.

Great Migration

The movement of more than 6 million African Americans between 1916 and 1970, mostly from rural areas of the south to urban areas in the north.

Guest Workers

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job.

Immigration

Migration to a new location.

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within a particular country.

internally displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Intervening Oppurtunity

A feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one.

periodic movement

movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation, longer than cyclical movement.

Pull Factor

a factor that induces people to move to a new location

Push Factor

A factor that induces people to leave old locations.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Remittance

Transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated.

Step Migration

Migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps towards a final destination.

Transhumance

he seasonal movement of livestock (herding) between mountains and lowland pastures.

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

Colombian Exchange

The transfer of plants and animals, as well as people, culture, and technology, between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, as a result of European colonization and trade.

green revelution

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers.

Linear Settlements

a (normally small to medium-sized) settlement or group of buildings that is formed in a long line.

Local Food Movements

aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region, in order to develop more self-reliant and resilient food networks; improve local economies; or to have an impact on the health, environment, community, or society of a particular place.

long-lot survey system

Divide the land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

Neolithic Agricultural Revolution

Marks the transition of human society from wandering hunter-gatherers into settled agricultural communities.

Plantation Agriculture

the production of one or more usually cash crops on a large swathe of land

Second Agricultural Revolution

An increase in agricultural productivity through improvement of crop rotation and breeding of livestock, beginning in the United Kingdom in the seventeenth century.

township and range system

Townships are rectangular blocks of land about 6 miles square. Ranges are columns of townships set side by side.

Value added specialty crops

goods have some other product in them or item attached to them to make them unique and able to sell at higher price.

Conservation

sustainable use and management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation

Cultural Ecology

The relationship between culture and the environment, dealing with human adaptions to various environments.

water diversion

The human alteration of natural water patterns, such as irrigation channels, aqueducts, reservoirs, and similar structures.

Mediterranean agriculture

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados, olives, and a host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations.

Commercial Agriculture/Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large cooperations.

Domestication

the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.

Extensive farming

a type of agricultural production that involves the use of relatively low levels of inputs, such as labor, capital, and chemicals, in order to produce crops or livestock.

Food desert

Regions where people have limited access to healthful and affordable food.

Genetically Modified Organism

A living organism that possesses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology.

Intensive Farming

Farming that involves smaller land holdings, and a relatively large amount of manual labor.

Metes and bounds system

The system uses physical features of local geography along with directions and distances to define and describe boundaries of land parcels.

Organic Farming

Farming that uses natural processes and seeds that are not genetically altered