HOSA Dental Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

is the study of the body structure

Physiology

is the study of how the body function

When the human body is described

it is assumed that the body is in “anatomical position”

Anatomical position

refers to the body standing erect with face forward, feet together, and arms hanging at the slides with palms forward

Midsagittal Plane (the median plane or midline plane)

is the vertical plane that divides the body into equall left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

is any vertical plane parrallel to the midline that divides the body, from top to bottom, into unequal left and right portions

Horizontal Plane (transverse plane

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane)

is any vertical plane at right angles to the midsagittal plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Cells

basic unit of structure of the human body

Basic components of a cell includes

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and chromosomes

What is the outer wall of a cell?

Cell membrane

What contains genetic codes?

Nucleus

What comprises all the substances of a cell except the nucleus?

Cytoplasm

What is found in the nucleus and contain DNA?

Chromosomes

What forms in a group together to form organ?

Specialized groups of cells from tissues and tissues

Cells, tissues, organs, and systems all function together to..

maintain harmony in the body (Homeostasis)

Stem cells can be

induced to become other types of cells in the body

Stem Cells are identify by two primary sources

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells

Embryonic stem cells

comes from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in a test and then are used for research purposes

adult stems

Can be found in the tissues of both adult and children.

The term adult stems cells is used to

make a distinction from he embryonic stem cells

When is tissues formed?

When millions of the same type of cell join together to perform a specific function for the body

Four main tissue types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue

Epithelial tissue forms

a covering for the external and internal body surfaces

The main purpose of epithelial cells

provide protection, produce secretions, and regulate the passage of materials across them

What is the major support of the body?

Connective tissues

Connective Tissues provide

support for the body and connects its organs and tissues

Muscle tissues

The ability to lengthen and shorten and move body parts

Skeletal muscles are either

Voluntary or involuntary

Where are the nerve tissues found?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

What is the nerve tissues responsible for?

To coordinating and controlling many body activities

What happens when serveral types of tissues group together to perform a single function?

Organs form

Body cavities

are spaces or areas in the body where various strutures and organs are found.

Two sections of the Body Cavities

Dorsal Cavity and Ventral Cavity

Dorsal Cavity

posterior portion of the body that contains the spinal canal (spinal cord) and the cranial cavity (brain)

Ventral Cavity

anterior portion of the body and contains thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic

Thoracic cavity contains

the lungs, the heart, and all accessory parts needed for their function

Abdominal cavity contains

Most of the digestive tract and supporting organs needed for digestion

Pelvic cavity contains

the urinary bladder, the rectum, and the reproductive system

Skeletal System

206 bones,

Protection, support, and shape: hematopoietic; storage of certain minerals

Muscular System

Striated, smooth, and cardiac muscle

Holding body erect, locomotion, movement of body fluids, production of body heat, communication

Cardiovascular system

heart, arteries, vein, bloods

Respiratory, nutritive, excretory

Lymphatic and immune system

White blood cells; lymph fluid, vessels and nodes; spleen and tonsils

Defense against disease, conservation of plasma proteins and fluids, lipid absorption

Nervous system

Central and peripheral nervous systems, special sense organs

Reception of stimuli, transmission of messages, coordinating mechanism

Respiratory system

Nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

transportation of oxygen to cells, excretion of carbon dioxide and some water wastes

Digestive system

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, elimination of solid wastes

Urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

formation and elimination of urine, maintenance of homeostasis

Integumentary system

skin hair nails, and sweat and sebaceous glands

Protection of body, regulation of body temperature

Endocrine system

Adrenals, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, and thyroid

Produces of new life

Reproductive system

Male-→ testes, penis

Female—> ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Production of new life

Axial skeleton

Skull (28 bones), spinal column, ribs, sternum (80 bones) protecting the major organs of the nervous respiratory, adn circulatory system

Appendicular skeleton

shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs and feet (126 bones)

consists of the upper extremities and shoulder area plus the lower extremities and pelvic area protecting the organs of digestion and reproduction.

The bone or osseous tissues is composed of

connective tissues (consist of an organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic component (minerals)

What gives rigidity to the bones?

Calcium and phosphate

Calcium and phosphate stored in bones also acts as

reservoirs to maintain essential blood minerals concentration when the body’s supply inadequate

Three layers of bones (list 3)

(1)Periosteum, (2)compact bone, and (3)cancellous

Periosteum (first layer of the bone)

thin layer of whitish connective tissues and contains nerves and blood vessels, and the inner layer is loose connective tissues that contains osteoblasts. It is anchored to bone by sharpey’s fibers and beneath the periosteum is dense, rigid compact bone.

Compact

the strong and hard section of the bone. Dense and forms the main shaft of long bones and outer layer of other bones

Cancellous

found inside the bone. Lighter in weight and is not as strong as compact bone

Bone Marrow

gelatinous material that produces white blood cells(fight infection), red blood cells(carries oxygen) , and platelets (which help stop bleeding)

Cartilage

is a tough, nonvascular connective tissue that is found in where bones join together. (strong but is more elastic than bone) (Forms the ears and nose)

Joint / Articulation

an area where two or more bones meet at a junction
Fibrous joint, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints

Fibrous Joints

like sutures of the skull, do not move which is jagged line at which bones articulate and form a joint that does not move

Cartilaginous joints

made of connective tissue and cartilage and move very slightly.

Example. the joints between the bones of the vertebrae

Synovial Joints

moveable joints that account for most of the joints in the body.

Some synovial joints are lined with a fibrous sac called bursa and it is filled with synovial fluid and acts as a cushion to ease movement

Ball and socket joints, pivot joints, saddle joints, and gomphoses specialized joints main functions

Ball and socket joints allow for movement such as flexion, extension, and limited rotation and

Pivot joint at the base of the skull allow

the head to rotate

Saddle joint allow movement such as

touching the thumb to the fingers

Gomphoses are specialized joint that allow only very slight movement such as

attaching a tool to the socket

Arthristis

inflammation of a joint. More than 100 forms are known, and all have different causes

Arthristis (List signs and Symptoms)

Swelling and pain, usually with structural changes; mobility impairment and difficulty in performing tasks

Fracture

broken bones caused by stress on the bone. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and are classified by type.

Fracture (Signs and Symptoms)

Severe pain, swelling, and disfigurement, depending on the type of fracture

Gout

Inflammatory joint reaction caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals. The area that is usually affected in the big toe.

Gout (Signs and Symptoms)

The joint usually becomes red, warm, shiny, swollen and very sensitive to touch.

Osteomyelitis

Infection of the bone that is caused by bacteria, fungi, or contaminated foreign material such as an artificial joint

Osteomyelitis (Signs and Symptoms)

Sudden onset of fever, limited movement, and serve pain in the body part involved

Osteoporosis

Age related disease in which bone is demineralized, resulting in loss of bone density and fracture

Osteoporosis (Signs and Symptoms)

Frequent fractures, especially of the vertebrae, wrist, or hip; back pain and decreased height

Sprain

Injury to a joint that has been stretched beyond its normal range of motion, resulting in a tear

Sprain (Signs and Symptoms)

Pain, swelling, bruising, abnormal movement, and joint weakness (Depending on the severity of damage, it may include pain in the affected area, swelling, bruising, abnormal motion, and joint weakness.)

Muscular System

• Makes up to 30 to 40 percent of the total body weight

• The muscles contact and relax to provide for all movement of the body, both internally and externally

• The muscular system is composed of more than 600 individual muscles. However, only three types of muscles have been identified (Striated, Smooth, and Cardiac)

Striated muscles

are made of long, thin cells that have strips or band across them

• This type has the largest amount of muscles tissues of the three types and its function is to provide for external body movement, from facial expression to bike riding

• Only groups of muscles an individual has conscious control over and are sometimes called voluntary muscles

Smooth muscles

is nonstriated tissue

• Involuntary (controlled by the autonomic nervous system) and are not consciously controlled

• These muscles are found in internal organs (except the heart), blood vessels, skin, and ducts from glands

Cardiac muscles

has the same striated or striped appearance as skeletal muscles but involuntary in action

• Only found in the heart

• Physiologist think the reason cardiac muscle is so durable is that it combines the power of striated voluntary muscles with the steady reliability of smooth, involuntary ones

Muscle Function

• Muscles are the only bodily tissues that have the ability to contract and relax. Contraction is the tightening of a muscle, during which it becomes shorter and thicker. Relaxation occurs when a muscle returns to its original form or shape.

• Muscle origin is the place where the muscle begins (originates). This refers to the more fixed attachment, or the portion of the muscle that is toward the midline of the body.

• Muscle insertion is the place where the muscle ends (inserts). This refers to the more movable attachment, or the portion of the muscle that is away from the midline of the body.

Contusions

Soft tissue trauma

Contusions (Signs and Symptoms)

Swelling, tenderness, and localized hemorrhage and bruising can restrict range of motion without producing loss of joint stability.

Strain

Injury of a muscle that has been stretched

beyond its capacity

Strain (Signs and Symptoms)

Small blood vessels around the area rupture, causing swelling in the area. The area becomes tender, and painful muscle spasms may occur.

Progressive muscular dystrophy

Includes nine types, all with unknown causes

Progressive muscular dystrophy (Signs and Symptoms)

Progressive muscle atrophy with organ involvement and

weakness.

Cardiovascular System

• The cardiovascular system consists of the (1) circulatory system, (2) heart, and (3) lymphatic system. These systems provide life-sustaining functions for the survival of bodily cells and tissues.

• Disorders of the heart and lymphatic system have specific signs and symptoms

The Circulatory System

• The two primary functions of the circulatory system are as follows:

• Transports (a) oxygen and nutrients to the body cells, (b) carbon dioxic and waste products from the body cells, and (c) hormones and antibodies throughout the body

• Regulates body temperature and maintains chemical stability

The heart

is a pump that circulates the blood throughout the body

It is covered with three layers:

• The Pericardium: Outer layer that is composed of a double-walled sac

• The Myocardium: A tough muscular wall

• The Endocardium: A thin lining on the inside of the heart

Heart - Chambers

• The cardiovascular system consists of the (1) circulatory system, (2) heart, and (3) lymphatic system. These systems provide life-sustaining functions for the survival of bodily cells and tissues.

• • Disorders of the heart and lymphatic system have specific signs and symptoms

Heart - Valves

• One-way valves prevent the backflow of blood and separate the chambers of the heart by opening and closing with each heartbeat.

• The tricuspid valve (with three "cusps," or triangular segments) is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

• The mitral valve has two cusps and lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

• Two semilunar valves have three crescent-shaped flaps. The pulmonary semilunar valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. Blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve.

Heart - Blood flow through the Heart

• The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae, the largest veins that enter the heart.

• Blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.

• The right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs.

• The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. Blood flows from here into the left ventricle.

• The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium. Blood then goes into the aorta, the largest of the arteries, and is pumped to all parts of the body except the lungs.

Heart - Blood vessels

• Three major types of blood vessels are found in the body: (1) arteries,

(2) veins, and (3) capillaries.

• The arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body

• The veins form a low-pressure collecting system that returns waste-filled blood to the heart. Veins have thinner walls compared to arteries, and they are less elastic.

• The capillaries form a system of microscopic vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems. Blood flows rapidly along the arteries and veins; however, this flow is much slower through the expanded area provided by the capillaries.

Heart - Blood & Blood cells

• Hematology is the study of blood. The body contains approximately 4 to 5 L of blood, which accounts for about 8% of the body's weight

• The blood has three main functions: transportation of nutrients, gases, waste products, and hormones; regulation of the amount of body fluids, pH balance, and body temperature; and protection against pathogens and blood loss after injury through the clotting mechanism.

• Three main constituents of blood:

• Erythrocytes: or red blood cells, contain the protein hemoglobin, which gives the erythrocytes the ability to carry oxygen.

• Leukocytes: or white blood cells, protects the body from infection and disease.

• Plasma: is a straw-colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Plasma is 91% water. The remaining 9% consists mainly of plasma proteins, including albumin and globulin.