Urbanisation

Urbanisation

urbanisation definition

an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas; growth of towns and cities

industrialisation definition

where secondary industry starts to develop in a place

urban definition

a built up area such as a town or city

rural definition

an area where countryside dominates

megacity definition

city with 10 million or more residents

hub definition

an area where lots of important businesses are located making it important in a country’s moneymaking potential

migration definition

movement of people from one place to another

rural-urban migration definition

movement from countryside to a built up area

natural increase definition

the difference between birth rates and death rates; the way a city’s population grows as a result of residents having children

counter-urbanisation definition

due to some people in thee developed world cities becoming more wealthy and leaving the city behind and moving to rural areas; esp after covid and working from home

immigration definition

moving into a country/region

emigration definition

moving out of a country/region

major city definition

a city which has a population of more than 200,000 people

world city definition

a city which trades and invests globally; major role in world affairs (global influence)

primate city definition

largest city in a country which dominates its economy, politics and often infrastructure

how does population increase

• migration

• higher birth rates

• lower death rates

• (natural increase)

what type of countries have the biggest increases in urbanisation

emerging countries in continents like Asia and Africa

signs of a world city

• TNCs

• airports and airline traffic

• visits from key political figures

• investment and financial centres

• businesses and companies

• political decisions- gov decisions that can affect people globally (investment and conflict)

signs of primate cities

• transport infrastructure investments can be concentrated to benefit just the P city

• more people migrate to P cities because there’s more work, then even more move there

• internet speeds higher

• gov usually located here so has a political influence

how are primate cities formed

• large airports

• financial service centres

• big ports

• something that makes them have more economic influence

internal/national migration definition

migrating inside one country

international migration definition

migrating from one country to another

positives of urbanisation

• higher incomes

• job opportunities

• leisure activities, more to do

• increased quality of life and standards of living

negatives of urbanisation

• loss of farmland; less work for people in rural areas and further migration from countryside

• parents migration and not taking their children with them

how has international and national migration contributed to the growth of a major city (LONDON)

• 2001 London had population just over 7 mil and until then, more people leaving the city

• 2011 this changed as Londons population increased by 14%

• caused by pull factors

how has international and national migration contributed to the decline of a major city (DETROIT)

• dependent on one major industry for its economic prosperity; vulnerable to changes in the market for that industry

• home to successful car and Motown music industry

• peak in 1950 with 1.8 mil

• declined to 700k in 2013

• competition from cars in other countries, especially Asia where lower work costs

• car sales declined, costs rose and industries failed to introduce new technologies quickly enough

• car factories closed, employees lost their jobs, no other industries so the population moved away

what is the network effect

pull factors cause people to move to a certain place, but as there are now more people this means more and more people also want to go there, leading to increase

effects of migration on developed countries

• network effect means there’s a self-fulfilling cycle; more people move to an area, which leads to even more people moving there

• manufacturing sectors decline, de-industrialisation leads to people having to leave manufacturing towns

• developed countries attract lots of skilled migration from all sorts of international countries

effect of migration on developing countries

• often have a high % of their population working in agriculture

• as economic development happens, farming will become more automated and these people will lose their jobs, forcing them to move to the city

• sometimes brain drain

effect of migration on emerging countries

• flagship projects have big impact

• brain drain

• more people going to their cities leads to big increase in development, however there are lots of inequalities across the country because of this

explain how economic change in developing countries is having an effect on national migration

• causes an increase of rural-urban migration nationally. As cities begin to grow through economic increase and having more job opportunities with higher pay, as well as better standards of living through more investments in healthcare and education, means national migration will increase, especially from rural to urban.

• economic change means an increase in automation and machinery, used on farms and in agriculture and manufacturing instead of having jobs for people in agriculture. This means that the economy is growing, people are now unable to stay at the jobs they previously had in rural areas, making them seek new jobs in the cities, causing national migration to increase.

two reasons why the rate or urbanisation is different in developing and developed countries

• changes in industry markets- more industries and companies moving to less developed countries, which increases the rate of urbanisation in developing countries, but lessons in developed countries as these jobs are removed

• developing countries only recently started to develop and at a much faster rate, therefore drastically more urbanisation has been happening in a short time span, but in developed it has been happening for a much longer time so rate of urbanisation lower

one reason for rapid population growth in megacities

• natural increase

• migration

push factors, pushing people away from living in rural areas

• force people to leave

• people’s homes and jobs destroyed by natural disaster

• automation (things like combine harvesters) cause people to lose their jobs in rural agriculture

• land becomes uninhabitable because of processes like desertification

• gov mandate (Singapore under Lee Kuan-Yew forced people to move from farms to apartments in cities)

• civil wars

• overall bad standards of living e.g. no schools, access to drinking water, food shops etc

pull factors, pulling people towards urban living

• more jobs and higher paid jobs in cities

• cities usually have more doctors, nurses, teachers, and other well-being infrastructure

• more leisure activities and free time things

• better quality of life; always drinking water there etc

• if more people already moving to cities, some people may want to move to be with their families

• good international transport networks

what are the four sectors which classify economic activites

• primary

• secondary

• tertiary

• quaternary

what are primary industries and examples

• jobs which involve extracting raw materials from the earth or sea

• miner

• fisherman

• farmer

• logger/lumberjack

what are secondary industries and examples

• jobs which involve taking/using raw materials and making them into goods, meaning in factories

• constructors

• carpenters

• bakers

• factory workers

what are tertiary industries and examples

• jobs which don’t make anything but provide a service

• teacher

• doctor

• entertainer

• waitress

what are quaternary industries and examples

• jobs which include information technology, software engineering/coding or research

• very highly skilled

• doesn’t provide a service and doesn’t make anything

• google

• microsoft

• programmer

• scientific researcher

name of the model which shows how job sectors change as a country develops

Clark-Fisher Model

what three sections of development does the C-F model show

• pre-industrial

• industrial

• post industrial

what does the C-F model say about job sectors in pre-industrial

• majority of jobs in the primary sector

• some in secondary

• barely any in tertiary

• no quaternary

what does the C-F model say about job sectors in industrial

• secondary manufacturing jobs increase and become most common

• primary industry jobs decrease

• tertiary jobs increase slightly

• no quaternary

what does the C-F model say about job sectors in industrial

• beginning of quaternary jobs

• tertiary jobs the most popular

• primary jobs decrease to almost non-existent

• secondary jobs decrease drastically too

why does the proportion of people working in the secondary sector change as a country develops

• as a country develops, there will be a rapid increase in jobs in secondary sector as the economy grows and more people have larger disposable incomes to spend on goods, which increases the demand of manufactured goods

• as it develops further, secondary jobs decline again, and large countries remove their factories and secondary jobs in developed countries as its cheaper to have them in less developed countries

• as a country begins to develop, secondary industries increase, but then decrease again after the period of industrialisation

what are the two types of employment

• formal

• informal

what is a formal economy

one which is official, meets legal standards for accounts, taxes and workers pay and conditions

characteristics of formal employment

• includes if you’re self-employed

• large scale

• often more than 100 workers

• pay taxes to the government

• needs sizeable funding and often a lot of equipment to get started

• good working conditions

what is an informal economy

one which is unofficial, where no records kept; gov doesn’t know these jobs exist meaning they cannot regulate health and safety, pay and working conditions

characteristics of informal employment

• people here have no contracts/employment rights

• illegal work

• unstable

• rarer in developed countries

• higher percentage in developing cities

• pay no taxes

• needs little money to start

• no protection for workers

• no set hours or pay so hours may be long

• may have to pay protection to gangs

• most low level of skill

• small scale e.g. on street corners

• needs little funding and equipment to start

what types of employment do developing countries have

• lots of workers in informal employment

• most people low-skilled and work in primary sectors

• low pay, long hours and dangerous conditions

what types of employment do developed countries have

• hardly any workers in informal employment and most workers are officially recognised

• workers have good rights

• people have more education here so lots of people work in tertiary and quaternary sectors

• lots of developed countries outsource mining of raw materials and farming as well as manufacturing to developing/emerging countries

what types of employment do emerging countries have

• between developing and developed

• most people employed in secondary sector and low-skilled tertiary jobs

• high-skilled tertiary jobs have become available as industrial economy grows and more people have money to spend on services

• conditions and workers rights usually better than developing coutries

describe how the proportion of people working in the informal sector changes as a country develops (2)

• as it develops, less people will work in the informal sector because countries will have more money and infrastructure to pay workers the minimum wage, to start formal sectors and to have good law systems in place for those who do not follow formal employment

explain one reason why informal employment has grown rapidly in some cities (2)

• as cities develop, they have a lot of rural-urban migration meaning cities have a dramatic increase in population

• however, job availability in formal employment can’t keep up with this amount of people needing jobs, therefore meaning many more people in cities have to turn to informal employment, rapidly increasing the number of people in informal employment

explain two reasons why there’s a high percentage of people working in informal employment in cities in developing countries (4)

• population increase to cities in developing countries much bigger due to rural-urban migration, meaning there aren’t enough jobs in the formal sector for these people, so therefore more people go into informal employment to make money

• people living in developing countries are less likely to have an education or specialised skills needed for formal jobs, meaning they are unable to do jobs in the formal sector, so they turn to jobs in the informal sector, which need low levels of skills

what is land use

what the land is used for

categories of land use

• residential

• open spaces/recreation

• industry

• commercial (shops/services)

• administration (offices)

• education

• religion

• transport

what are the four urban land use zones

• CBD (central business district)

• inner city

• inner suburbs

• outer suburbs

characteristics of the CBD

• eldest part of the town/city

• centre of the town/city

• crowded; lots of people

• lots of businesses and jobs

• little parking

• entertainment facilities

• less to no housing

• very accessible; transport links

• high land values (very expensive to buy land here)

• lots of towers and skyscrapers

• polluted

• loud and noisy

why are there lots of towers and skyscrapers in CBD

high land value so people build higher so they get more space for less money

characteristics of the inner city

• found directly after the CBD

• terraced housing (3 or more houses stuck together)

• usually small houses with small to no gardens

• old industrial buildings and factories, some of which have been regenerated

• twilight zone

• grid pattern

• originally built to house factory workers, so they’re nearby to the factories they’re working in, but not inside the CBD where all the rich people lived

• many of these areas declined in the late 20th century but some regenerated

• not very big

• little greenery

• good transport links

• run-down terraced housing often bought by investors and improved to appeal to young professionals for access to the CBD

• little parking

characteristics of the inner suburbs

• medium to high housing

• usually larger houses than inner city terraces

• typically detached/semi-detached

• arranged in cul-de-sacs and wide avenues

• land prices cheaper, however, due to the desirability of housing can make them expensive

• lots of green spaces and parks

• distinctive style of housing

• facilities like schools, places of worship etc are often present

• houses have driveways, garages and back gardens

• entertainment facilities

characteristics of the outer suburbs

• bigger, newer houses, often detached

• open spaces

• out of town retail parks

• bigger houses and further away from CBD than inner suburbs

• entertainment facilities

• garages and driveways

• much cheaper than as its further away from the city centre

state two types of land use found in the outer suburbs (2)

• open spaces/recreation

• residential

one reason why the rapid population growth of megacities is concentrated at the rural-urban fringe

• growth concentrated here as this is where people can live with cheap land prices, so bigger houses are sold for similar prices to much smaller houses closer to the city, but still reasonably close to the inner city and CBD for work, making the rural-urban fringe very attractive place to live

what are the five stages of urban change

• urbanisation

• suburbanisation

• de-industrialisation

• counter-urbanisation

• regeneration

what happens during urbanisation (why it happens, what happens etc)

• links to industrialisation, where during the industrial revolution, services such as railways, roads and safer water attracted workers to the growing towns

• as cities became increasingly urbanised, more factories built

• growing number of rural migrants arrive to fill these jobs

• as population size increased, urban areas sprawl into surrounding countryside

what is suburbanisation

when people move out of the city centre towards the suburbs of the city

why does suburbanisation happen

• city centres became noisy, crowded and polluted places

• people who could afford to move moved out of the city centre to the new suburbs on the edge of the city where land was cheaper and air cleaner

what is de-industrialisation

movement of manufacturing businesses moving out of an area (usually a city) to out-of-town areas that have lower rents or outsourcing to another country

what does de-industralisation cause

• industry in the city begins to decline; often the result of technological change, failure to invest or competition from other countries

• can lead to de-population and decline on edges of cities due to unemployment

what is counter urbanisation

• people in large cities decide to move to more rural areas

consequences of counter-urbanisation

• pattern of population decline in inner city areas and population growth in small towns and villages

why does counter-urbanisation happen

• rise in car ownership and motorway construction, allowing people to live in the countryside and still work in cities

• progress of technology and communications now means people can work from home in remote villages

what is regeneration

some older cities develop their run-down inner city to attract people to live closely to the amenities and city cenre

consequences of regeneration

• new shopping centres, flats, houses and leisure facilities are built to attract both businesses and people

• once initial investment made, re-urbanisation tends to have snowball effect, with more and more businesses returning over time

what are government strategies to encourage new business in the run-down inner city

• free rent

• build new homes

• low tax

• better transport links

• build shopping centres

two ways that urban areas are affected by de-industrialisation (2)

• loss of jobs

• more people leaving the city

what are the four factors that affect urban land use

• accessibility

• availability

• cost

• planning regulations

what types of land use need to be accessible to as many people as possible and what does this mean about where they are found

• shops and offices want to be accessible to as many people as possible; to get more money by people seeing the shops and shopping there and for people to want to get a job

• this means they are found in the city centre as this is the easiest part to access

what makes an area of a city accessible

• transport links

• large railway stations and airports; usually connected or found in the centre

why are land prices in the city centre high

• high demand due to their accessibility

• means that value is high and it can be sold for more

how does availability affect land use in the city centre

• tend to be heavily built up, with lots of buildings

• means less land available for houses so less are built here

• lots of skyscrapers in city centre so they have more space in smaller amount of land

how does availability affect land use on the outskirts of a city

larger buildings built here as there is more land available

how does cost of land change in different parts of the city

• most expensive in the centre, decreasing as you go further out towards the outskirts and suburbs

how does cost affect use of land in different parts of the city

• land in the centre most expensive because of its lack of availability

• some businesses and shops can afford centrally located land, but houses in city centres rare and expensive if they are

• why businesses tend to relocate to edges of city so they have cheaper costs

• most housing built in suburbs as it is cheaper

• lots of skyscrapers in the city centre as land costs more so built upwards instead

how does planning regulations affect land use in different parts of the city

• planners need to try to balance different, often competing, uses for land

• city’s authorities often decide how they want a city to look and develop, and so have plans for which land uses they want in different parts of the city

• allow different buildings in different zones

• regulations very strict and new developments rare

four urban sustainability measures

• water conservation

• energy conservation

• creating green space

• waste recycling

what do water conservation schemes do

aim to cut down the water used in an area

how do cities try to conserve water

• capture rainwater and use to water and irrigate green spaces

• capture rainwater and use for running water and flushing toilets

• inventors created new taps that do not run freely

• water meters allow us to monitor our water usage

what is the aim of energy conservation schemes

aim to use renewable sources of energy and avoid burning fossil fuels to create heat and energy

why do cities need lots of energy

lots of people, all with high qualities of life, so need lots of energy to keep this running so need to find other ways to get this energy that doesn’t contribute to greenhouse effect and pollution

how does Reykjavik use less fossil fuels and energy

use geothermal and hydroelectric power and buses hydrogen powered

how do cities try to conserve energy

• using renewables

• gov’s in Europe subsidise electric vehicles as they are better for the environment

• making housing energy efficient; better insulated and installing solar panels

• encourage people to use public transport; less roads to drive on etc

why are green spaces good

• good for mental health

• encourage exercise, which improves physical wellbeing and reduces risks of obesity-linked diseases

• lower air pollution

• flood risk falls as green spaces cut surface runoff after rain

what does a good recycling system have

• easy sorting of what can be recycled and what cannot

• easy collection

• low contamination of recycling waste

• infrastructure to actually recycle after collection

• collected frequently

why is it bad if waste is left

• can cause water pollution

• health of people to decline

• releases methane, a greenhouse gas, into the environment contributing to global warming

current population of Mumbai

21 mil