Bio106 final exam

Hydroxyl Group

\-OH

Choose the figure that depicts polymer synthesis

Figure 1

Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide cellulose?

Plants

What change is occurring in this figure?

Sodium is losing an electron

____ are weak bonds that are not strong enough to hold atoms together to form molecules but are strong enough to form bonds within and around large molecules

Hydrogen bonds

Many names for sugars end in the suffix

\-ose.

A triglyceride is a polymer made up of which kind of subunits?

fatty acids and glycerol

A major type of lipids found in cell membrane is

phospholipids

The results of dehydration synthesis can be reversed by

hydrolysis

Identify this molecule

Carbohydrate

Carboxyl group

\-COOH

Which of the following particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

protons and neutrons

Carbonyl group

\-C=O

The four most common elements in living organisms

C,H,O,N

How many molecules of water are used during hydrolysis to break the following polypeptide into its constituent amino acids : alanine-leucine-tryptophan-glycine-valine-alanine

five

Which functional group when attached to a hydrocarbon chain will form an alcohol?

Hydroxyl

If the atomic number of an element is 6 (for example in carbon) and the atomic mass is 12.01, how many protons are there in the nucleus?

6

Amino group

\-NH2

A hydrogen atom has one electron. How many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?

One covalent bond

Ocean acidification is the result of an increased amount of CO2 being dissolved in ocean water. This is problematic because…

fewer carbonate ions are available for organisms such as corals and clams to produce their calcium carbonate shells and skeletons

What type of microscope would you use to study the finest details of surface texture of a human hair?

Scanning electron microscope

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding?

In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons, in an ionic bond, one parter accepts electrons from the other

In lab, your biology instructor has asked you to identify an unknown solution. During one of your tests you perform your sample turns light purple indicating the presence of peptide bonds. Based on this information, you determine that your solution contains

Protein

Protein structure is sensitive to changes in ____ which can affect the function of an enzyme

Temperature, pH, salt concentration (all of these choices)

Compared to a solution of pH 3, a solution of pH 1 is

100 times more acidic

Foods that are high in fiber and contain cellulose are most likely derived from

plants

A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of which kinds of monomers?

simple sugars

A fat is also called a triglyceride because it contains __ fatty acids

three

Fatty acids with double bonds between their carbons are said to be

unsaturated

Which of the following structures is classified as a nucleic acid?

RNA

How are these amino acids attached together?

amino group to carboxylic acid group

The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines

the cell theory

Fatty acids are

hydrophobic

The tendency of water molecules to stick together is referred to as

cohesion

Which carbohydrate is found in the exoskeleton of insects and crabs and can be used to make surgical thread?

chitin

In a water molecule, hydrogen and oxygen are held together by a ____ bond that shares electrons

Polar covalent

Which of the following is a function of a steroid?

Sex hormone

A phospholipid is composed of

One glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids

Phosphate group

\-OPO3^2-

Proteins differ from one another because

the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein

The storage form of carbohydrate is __ in animals and __ in plants.

glycogen…starch

A fat is different from a phospholipid because a fat is composed of

one glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids

Methyl group

\-CH3

Which type of microscope would you use to study the detailed structure of an organelle in a human liver?

Tranmission electron microscope

What term is used for molecules that have identical molecular formulas but the atoms in each molecules are arranged differently?

Isomer

Many names for enzymes end in the suffix

\-ase

A solution with a pH of 7 is

neutral

Towels made out of cotton dry your skin easier compared to synthetic towels because cotton contains cellulose fibers that are

hydrophilic

Which type of microscope would you use to study changes in shape of living human blood cell?

light microscope

Which of these statements is NOT TRUE about DNA?

It contains the sugar ribose

Nucleic acid is composed of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

A solution with a pH of 2 is

strongly acidic

Sucrose (a disaccharide) is formed

from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis

These two molecules are structural isomers. What is the difference between them?

the location of a double-bonded oxygen atom

The surface area of an organism decreases relative to it’s volume as it’s size increases. T or F?

True

When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction,

it lowers the activation energy of the reaction

Chloroplasts contain dislike membrane sacs. These sacs are arranged in stacks that are called

Grana

The function of chloroplasts is

photosynthesis

Heating inactivates enzymes

changing the enzymes three-dimensional shape

Osmosis can be defined as

the diffusion of water

What would happen if a drug directly interfered with the functioning of RuBP carboxylase in the Calvin cycle?

Carbon dioxide would not be fixed to RuBP, stalling the Calvin cycle

Which is the best definition of osmosis?

The movement of water across a semi permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration

Photorespiration

is an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low and did not interfere with rubisco

A coenzyme is

a nonprotein organic helper like a vitamin that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work

A major type of lipid found in cell membrane is

phospholipids

Kinetic energy differs from chemical energy in that

kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object, whereas chemical energy is the potential energy of molecules

What are the end products of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and carbohydrates

All of the follow would denature a protein except

a missing coenzyme

The molecules responsible for membrane transport are

proteins

Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are

photoautotrophs

Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. This enzyme is a protein. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion?

exocytosis

Where at the ATP and NADPH used that are produced in the light reaction of photosynthesis?

in the Calvin cycle

Which of the following is a typical feature of an ATP-driven active transport mechanism?

The solute moves against the concentration gradient

In the lab, you can use a special balloon that is only permeable to water, but not sucrose, to make an “artificial cell.” The balloon is filled with a solution of 80% sucrose and 20% water and is immersed in a beaker containing a solution of 40% sucrose and 60% water. Which of the following will occur?

Water will enter the balloon

Which of the following is an enzyme?

hydrolase

Why are most plants green?

Chlorophyll a reflects green light

How many times does the Calvin cycle need to run if it incorporates 3 CO2 in each run to ultimately produce one glucose molecule?

two times

Based on your knowledge of the process of photosynthesis, the plant in the container placed under red light would probably

absorb more CO2 than the plants under the green light

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. This means that

the plasma membrane allows some substances to enter or leave a cell more easily than others

Substrates bind to an enzymes ___ site

active

Study the figure shown here. What does the letter A depict?

energy of activation

CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via small openings that are called

stomata

Diffusion does not require the cell to expend ATP. Therefore, diffusion is considered a type of

passive transport

If you expose a photosynthesizing plant to water that contains both radioactive H and radioactive O, in which of the products of photosynthesis will the radioactive H and O show up?

H is glucose and water; O in O2

_____ is a product of the Calvin cycle that is used to form glucose phosphate, amino acids or fatty acids

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(G3P)

Receptor mediated endocytosis is a process that ___

allows for the uptake of only specific molecules that fit into the receptor

Anabolism is the process of __ larger molecules that __ energy and is therefore an __ reaction

building…consumes…endergonic

The oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis comes from

water

What is the basic difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb it

Which of the following is a true statement about enzyme inhibition?

All of the statements are true.

A phospholipid is composed of

one glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids

During redox reactions,

electrons are lost from one substance and added to another substance

The sum of the chemical reactions in a cell constitute

metabolism

Phagocytosis is to eat as pinocytosis is to

drinking

A cofactor is

an inorganic factor that interacts with an enzyme to allow it to work properly

What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?

light

Which of the following is a sugar?

ribose

C4 plants and CAM plants are adapted to high temperatures and dry environments. They have an advantage over C3 plants in that they

can close their stomata during the day to preserve water and still fix enough CO2 for the Calvin cycle

How does inhibition of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction by a competitive inhibitor differ from inhibition by a noncompetitive inhibitor?

competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site

You are adrift in the Atlantic Ocean, and, being thirsty, drink the surrounding seawater. As a result,

you dehydrate yourself