APUSH Period 1 Review

Pueblo & Apache (South)

Cliff dwellings

Irrigation

Nez Perce & Shoshone (Northwest)

Longhouses

Fish

Totem poles

Comanche, Dakota & Sioux (Great Plaines)

Nomadic

Teepees

Buffalo

Choctaw, Shawnee, & Cahokia (Miss River Valley)

Mounds

Hunter-gatherer

Three Sisters farming

Powhatan & Iroquois (North East)

Longhouses

Maternal Societies

Villages

Iroquois Confederacy

Group of tribes maintaining permanent peace and alliance

Maize

Corn- important resource for tribes

Aztecs

Warriors

Tenochtitlan (advanced city)

Math

Relied on maize

Incas

Terrace farming

Roads for trade

Machu Picchu (religious capital)

Relied on potatoes

Mayans

Pyramids and temples

Trade

Theocracy

Mayan calendar (365 days)

Economic Motivations

Gold

Land

Materials

Political Motivations

More power

Spain is Unified

Ferdinand and Isabella marry, fund voyage

Treaty of Tordesillas

Pope divides New World between Spain and Portugal- shows Pope’s support of exploration

Spanish Conquistadores

Conquer indigenous (guns, disease)

Hernan Cortez

Conquered the Aztecs

Colombian Exchange

Exchange of goods between New and Old World

Old → New World

Sugar, coffee, beans

Horses, cows, pigs

smallpox, malaria

New → Old World

Tobacco, corn, potatoes

Turkeys

Syphilis

Mercantilism

Export more than import

Wealth and success dependent on gold

Encomienda System

Forced labor and conversion of natives

Bartoleme de las Casas

argued against encomienda- natives are real people

Juan de Sepulveda

argued for encomienda - natives are uncivilized and incapable

Valladolid Debate

Between Sepulveda and Las Casas over the encomienda system

Asiento System

Spanish import African Americans for labor after Natives die of disease

Castas System

Racial hierarchy created by Spanish

relationships between races

Missions

Spanish convert natives to Catholicism

Created Towns

Mission architecture

African Culture

Brought by enslaved

dance and music