DIGESTIVE FUNCTION EXAM 4 PATHO

What is the full name of GERD?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

What causes esophagitis in GERD?

Reflux of acid and pepsin from the stomach to the esophagus

What physiological change allows stomach contents to back up into the esophagus in GERD?

Relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter

What substances typically reflux into the esophagus in GERD?

Acid and sometimes pepsin

How does acid affect the esophagus in GERD?

It is extremely irritating and causes inflammation

What conditions can contribute to the development of reflux esophagitis?

Conditions that increase abdominal pressure or delay gastric emptying

How can being overweight affect GERD?

It can cause GERD to develop and become worse

What is a common symptom of GERD that involves a burning sensation?

Heartburn

What symptom of GERD involves the backflow of stomach contents?

Acid regurgitation

What is dysphagia in the context of GERD?

Difficulty swallowing

What chronic symptom of GERD can lead to respiratory issues?

Chronic cough

What symptom of GERD can trigger asthma attacks?

Chronic cough

What symptom of GERD can cause inflammation of the throat?

Laryngitis

What type of pain is commonly experienced within 1 hour of eating in GERD?

Upper abdominal pain

What is the agent of choice for controlling symptoms and healing esophagitis in GERD?

Proton pump inhibitors

diagnosis of GERD

Upper endoscopy, tests to measure amount of acid in the esophagus.

What is an intestinal obstruction?

An intestinal obstruction is any condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen.

What is a simple intestinal obstruction?

A simple obstruction is a mechanical blockage of the lumen, usually caused by a lesion.

What is the most common type of intestinal obstruction?

Simple obstruction.

What is a functional obstruction?

A functional obstruction, or paralytic ileus, is the failure of intestinal motility.

What conditions often lead to functional obstruction?

Functional obstruction often occurs after intestinal or abdominal surgery, pancreatitis, or hypokalemia.

What are acute intestinal obstructions usually caused by?

Acute obstructions are usually caused by mechanical factors such as adhesions or hernias.

What are chronic or partial intestinal obstructions often associated with?

Chronic or partial obstructions are often associated with tumors or inflammatory disorders, usually in the large intestine.

What are the signs of small intestinal obstruction?

Signs include colicky pains, nausea, vomiting, and potentially severe pain if ischemia occurs.

What sympathetic nervous system responses occur with small intestinal obstruction?

Sweating and tachycardia occur as a response to hypotension.

What complications can arise from untreated intestinal obstruction?

Tissue death and perforation can occur as severe complications.

What are the signs of large intestine obstruction?

Signs include hypogastric pain, abdominal distention, and vomiting that occurs later.

How is intestinal obstruction evaluated?

Evaluation is based on clinical manifestations and imaging studies.

What is essential for the treatment of intestinal obstruction?

Early identification of location and type, replacement of fluid and electrolytes, and decompression of the lumen.

What surgical procedures are used for intestinal obstruction?

Laparoscopic procedures and immediate surgical intervention are used.

who is at risk for Intestinal obstruction​​​

someone with: Hernia​

Inflammatory bowel disease​

Abdominal, joint, spine surgery​

Foreign body​

Tumor​

Cancer​

What is gastritis?

An inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa.

What are common causes of gastritis?

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Helicobacter pylori infection, physiologic stress-related mucosal changes, alcohol, and taking antibiotics on an empty stomach.

What is acute gastritis caused by?

Injury of the protective mucosal barrier.

Who is more likely to experience chronic gastritis?

Older adults.

What are the characteristics of chronic gastritis?

Chronic inflammation, mucosal atrophy, and epithelial metaplasia.

What are common symptoms of gastritis?

Anorexia, fullness, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain.

What complication may occur with gastritis?

Gastric bleeding.

How can gastritis symptoms be managed?

By eating smaller meals, following a soft, bland diet, and avoiding alcohol, aspirin, and irritating foods.

How is H. pylori infection treated?

With antibiotics.

What is administered to correct pernicious anemia associated with gastritis?

Vitamin B12.

What is Peptic Ulcer Disease?

It is ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the stomach or proximal duodenum.

Where do peptic ulcers usually occur?

In the stomach or proximal duodenum, and sometimes in the esophagus.

What are the types of peptic ulcers?

They can be acute or chronic, superficial or deep.

What causes ulcers to develop?

Ulcers develop when mucosal protective factors are overcome by erosive factors, often caused by NSAIDs or H. pylori infection.

How has the incidence of peptic ulcer disease changed?

It has reduced due to antibiotic treatment and the use of mucosal protecting agents.

What are some risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?

H. pylori infection, Type O blood, inflammation, NSAIDs, alcohol, smoking, age, psychological stress, and chronic diseases.

What is the most common type of peptic ulcer?

Duodenal Ulcer

What infection is a developmental factor for duodenal ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori infection

What type of medication use is a developmental factor for duodenal ulcers?

Use of NSAIDs

What symptom is characterized by intermittent pain in the epigastric area?

Duodenal Ulcer

What relieves the pain of a duodenal ulcer rapidly?

Ingestion of food or antacids

What is the management goal for duodenal ulcers?

Relieving the causes and effects of hyperacidity and preventing complications

What can H. pylori mucosal infection promote?

Gastric cancer

Is the incidence of duodenal ulcers higher or lower than gastric ulcers?

Lower

Is the mechanism for the lower incidence of duodenal ulcers known?

No, it is unknown

Where do gastric ulcers tend to develop?

In the antral region of the stomach, adjacent to the acid-secreting mucosa of the body.

What is the primary defect in gastric ulcers?

An increased mucosal permeability to hydrogen ions.

How does gastric secretion typically present in gastric ulcers?

It tends to be normal or less than normal.

What condition is associated with the development of gastric ulcers?

Chronic gastritis.

How does chronic gastritis affect ulcer formation?

It may increase ulcer formation due to the mucosa's decreased ability to secrete a protective layer of mucus.

How do the manifestations and treatment of gastric ulcers compare to duodenal ulcers?

They are similar.

What is a key difference between gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers regarding pain?

Food causes pain immediately in gastric ulcers.

What are the two surgical treatments for ulcers?

Gastrectomy or anastomosis

What is gastrectomy?

Removal of the portion of the stomach that has the ulcer

What is anastomosis in the context of ulcer surgery?

Removal of a portion of the stomach and reconnection of the tissue

What are the most common indications for surgical treatment of ulcers?

Recurrent or uncontrolled bleeding and perforation of the stomach or duodenum

What is the objective of surgical treatment for ulcers?

To reduce stimuli for acid secretion, decrease the number of acid-secreting cells, and correct complications of ulcer disease

How have advances in treatment affected the need for ulcer surgery?

They have greatly reduced the number of cases requiring surgery