EBP Exam4

Descriptive

designed to study the phenomena, do not introduce a treatment, they help identify the existing relationship between two variables.

Standard Deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Histograms

A type of frequency distribution in which variables with different values are plotted as a graph on x-axes and y-axes, and the shape can be visualized

Box plot

graphic that marks median of the values in the middle of the box and the 25th and 75th percentiles as the lower and upper edges of the box, respectively. Indicates the relative position of the data for each group and the spread of the data for comparison.

Quasi-experimental design

Studies of cause and effect similar to experimental designs but using convenience samples or existing groups to test interventions.

Ex post facto research

an intact-group design that relies on observation of the relationships between naturally occurring differences in the intervention and outcome

casual-comparative research

an intact-group design that involves categorization of subjects into groups. An outcome of interest is measured and differences are attributed to the differences in the classification of subjects.

Survey

wtf is this just like a normal survey?

Cross-Sectional

study conducted by examining a single phenomenon across multiple populations at a single point in time with no intent for follow up

Case Study

meticulous descriptive exploration of a single unit of study such as a person, family group, community, or other entity.

Longitudinal

describes research that measures a trait in a particular group of subjects over a long period of time

Single Subject Study

an investigation using a single case or subject in which baseline data are collected, an invention is applied, and the responses are tracked over time.

Correlation

a design that involves the analysis of two variables to describe the strength and direction of the relationship between them

Predictive

research designed to search for variables measured at one point in time that may forecast an outcome that is measured at a different point in time

Mean

average

Median

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

Minimum/Maximum

the minimum and maximum values in a data set

Range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution (subtraction)

Nominal

defined groups, order doesn't matter

Ordinal

defined groups, order matters

Interval/Ratio

continuous, like age or height or weight

Frequency

a count of the instances that are event occurs in a data set

Variance

a measure of variability that gives information about the spread of scores around the mean

Skew

negative: uphill battle, highest on right side

positive: downhill, highest on left side

Kurtosis

graph is lowest in the middle and highest on the sides like the shape of a U

Correlation Analysis

depicts the strength and nature of the relationship between two variables.

Correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) Zero means there is no correlation, the strength of the relationship is interpreted based on the absolute value of the coefficient regardless of its sign.

Bar Chart

graphic representation for nominal or ordinal data that represents the categories on the horizontal axis and frequency on vertical axis

Line Graphs

a graphic presentation that plots means for a variable over a period of time

Box and whisker

A graph that displays the highest and lowest quarters of data as whiskers, the middle two quarters of the data as a box, and the median

Scatter Plot

indicates the nature of the relationship between two variables, normally a line of best fit is drawn through the middle where same amount of plot points are above as are below.

Experimental Design

highly structured studies of cause and effect applied to determine the effectiveness of an intervention

case/control study

intact-group design that involves observation of subjects who exhibit a characteristic matched with subjects who do not. Differences between subjects allow study of relationships between risk and disease without subjecting healthy individuals to illness.

time series design

A type of quasi-experimental design in which only one group receives the intervention; an outcome is measured repeatedly over time

control group

subgroup of the sample of an experimental study from which the intervention is withheld

comparison group

A subgroup of the sample of a quasi-experimental design from which the intervention is withheld. Subjects are similar to and compared with the experimental group, but they are not randomly assigned.

a priori

conceived or formulated before an investigation

parametric tests

statistical tests that are appropriate for data that are normally distributed (that is, fall in a bell curve)

nonparametric tests

statistical tests that make no assumptions about the distribution of the data

Inferential Statistics

statistical tests to determine if results found in a sample are representative of a larger population

P value

Helps you determine the significance of your results?

One sample t test

comparing a sample mean to a known population value

Independent samples t test

comparing the mean value in one group to the mean value in another group, the groups have no influence on each other.

Paired sample t test

comparing the mean value in a group measured over time; a value in the first sample can be "paired up" with a value in the second sample.

Chi square test of model fit

comparing a sample proportion to a known population value

chi square test of independence

Comparing a sample proportion to another sample's proportion

chi square test of association

comparing two characteristics of a single sample

ANOVA

Interval or ratio, single dependent variable

ANCOVA