U1 Vocab: Thinking Geographically (AP Human Geo)

left off on pg 20

5 Themes of Geography

Location, place, region, human/environmental interaction, movement (LPRheM)

3 Types of Regions

Vernacular/Perceptual, Functional, Formal Regions

What defines vernacular/perceptual regions

people’s perceptions

What type of region is the South

Vernacular/perceptual

How are functional regions defined

specific function

What type of region is the newspaper service area?

functional region

What type of region is the Great Lakes States?

Formal Region

How are Formal regions defined

by government or administrative boundaries

Absolute location

latitude and longitude OR street address

described by landmarks, time, direction or distance in relation to another

relative location

Latitude lines are called

Parallels

Longitude lines are called

Meridians

longitude runs

vertical

latitude runs

horizontal

Prime meridian is at the degree of

0

The international date line is at the degree of

180

North pole degree is

90

South pole degree

-90

Mercator Projection map

what map has:

• Parallels and meridians cross at right angles

• Direction is true everywhere on this map – excellent for navigation

• Distortion grows toward the poles – continents appear stretched out and misshapen in higher latitudes

Mercator projection maps

Robinson Projection Map

what map has:

• Lines of longitude curve toward each other in polar regions

• Reduces the exaggerated size of polar land masses (better approximates shape) but still misshapen

Robinson Projection Map

Interrupted Projection Map

what map has:

• Broken meridians

• Breaks are in oceans, not countries

• Equal-area map that avoids distortions of land masses

Interrupted Projection Map

Peters Projection Map

what map has:

• Has Correct Sizes relative to each other

• Displayed all countries as equally prominent

• Makes land masses appear narrow

Peters Projection Map

Azimuthal Projection Map

what map has:

• Pros - Shows true direction and size

• Cons - Distorts shape and only distances measured from the center are true

• Used by Airline navigators

Azimuthal Projection Map

Dot Map

what map has:

• On this map, each dot represents the location of a commercial cell phone tower in the U. S. 

• shows a spatial representation

Dot Map

Isoline map

what map has:

• lines that show data such as elevation, weather, or rainfall

Isoline maps

Contour Map

 which maps are isoline maps but show specifically elevation

Contour Map

Flow-Line Maps

what maps are good for determining movement – such as migration

Flow-Line Maps

Choropleth Maps

what map:

• Puts data into a spatial format. 

• Useful for determining demographic data, by assigning colors or patterns to areas

Choropleth Maps

Cartograms

what map charts and assigns data by size

Cartograms

Graduated Symbol

what map uses larger symbols to show the larger value data and smaller symbols to use the lower value data

Graduated Symbol

Thematic Maps

what are single-topic maps that focus on specific themes or phenomena, such as population density, rainfall and precipitation levels, vegetation distribution, and poverty

Thematic Maps

Location

relative or absolute

what is has Physical and human characteristics, and is based on human experience

Place

Scale

level of study

Human constructs that display coherent unity in terms of government, language or landforms

Regions

What does the Human/Environmental interaction theme have to do with?

Humans adapt, modify and depend on the environment

Movement

migration and interaction of people

Study of natural processes and the distribution of features in the environment, such as landforms, plants, animals, and climate. How the world has changed over time.

Physical Geography

The study of events and processes that have shaped how humans understand, use, and alter Earth. How people organize themselves socially, politically, and economically.

Human Geography

Where something occurs. How people live on earth, how they organize themselves and why the events of human societies occur where they do.

Spatial Perspective

The relationship between living things and their environments.

Ecological Perspective

Your imagination of how get places

Mental map

A place’s absolute location, as well as its physical characteristics (landforms, climate, and resources)

Site

A place’s location in relation to other places or its surrounding features.

Situation

The arrangement between two or more things on earth’s surface

space

the arrangement of things within space

distribution

how things are arranged in a particular place

pattern

number of things in a specific area

density

Any given space as things move from one place to another

flow

Argues that human behavior is largely controlled by the physical environment.

environmental determinism

The theory that humans have more agency, or ability to produce a result, than the physical environment controlling human behavior.

Possibilism

The principle that the farther away one thing is from another, the more they are related

Distance decay

A principle that is related to friction of distance: that overtime the relative distance between places shrink.

Time-space compression

The use of earth’s land and natural resources in ways that ensure they will continue to be available in the future

sustainability

the focal point of a region

node

theory describing the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world economy.

world system theory

countries in the process of industrialization, often export/manufacturing and have potential to grow into core countries

semi-periphery

highly interconnected countries with good transportation and communication networks and infrastructure that supports economic activity — they can open factories and sell products around the world

core

countries with less stable governments and poorer services such as health care. Less connected than core countries with inferior transportation networks and inadequate infrastructure for supporting economic activity

periphery

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.

sustainable development

5 steps of geo-inquiry process

ask, collect, visualize, create, and act

the official count of people per each defined area. It is used to collect data on employment, income, migration, language proficiency, and housing.

census

Remote sensing is geospatial technologies that gather data with or without making physical contact. Examples of these geospatial technologies would be satellites or aircraft-based sensors. It helps geographers by helping them collect data in a more efficient and accurate way than just doing it themselves.

remote sensing

uses satellites to determine where we are. By measuring the distance between the distance of the transmitter to multiple satellites, the receiver can use that data to locate its exact location.

GPS

what does gps stand for?

Global Positioning System

What are the three ways a map scale can be shown on a map?

representative fraction, graphically, or a written scale

a generalized map mostly focused on geographic features and data

reference map

map that has themes and a specific purpose

thematic map

mapping software that has helped geographers by its ability to capture, store, organize, and display geographic data that can be then used to make maps

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

the shape and features of land surfaces

topography

people who created maps to help explorers follow the routes of those who cane before them and to estimate how long it might take to travel to uncharted lands.

cartographers

distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length

absolute distance

distance measured by other criteria (such as money, time, or  pages).

relative distance

how humans impact physical landscape (flags, little Italy, Korea town, language, religion, business, housing, food)

Cultural landscape

Arithmetic density

is the number of objects in an areaa

Population density equation

number of people / total area

physiological density equation

number of people / arable land

agricultural density equation

number of farmers / total farmland

things physically brought with people (culture, language, religion)

relocation diffusion

forms of expansion

contagious, hierarchical, stimulus

expansion through high status (court royalty, topical figures, or entertainment)

hierarchical

expansion rapidly (disease or the internet)

contagious

expansion through taking ideas and adapting it to local culture (food, clothes, etc)

stimulus