AP Human Geo

Assimilation

the process where individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of a dominant culture, often to the point where their original culture is largely lost; more quickly and forcefully

Acculturation

flexible process where individuals adapt to a new culture while still maintaining their own cultural identity

Primary sector

to activities that extract raw materials from the earth like agriculture, mining, and fishing

Secondary sector

manufacturing and processing the raw materials from primary sector into finished goods

Tertiary Sector

provides services, including transportation, distribution, retail, and professional services like teaching or law

Syncretism

the blending of different cultural traits, religions, or philosophies, often resulting in a new cultural form

Demographic Transition Model: Stages

Stage 1-High Stationary (both death and birth rates are high)

Stage 2-Early Expanding (death rates begin to drop)

Stage 3-Late Expanding (brith rates start to decline as death rates continue to fall)

Stage 4-Low Stationary (birth and death rates are both low)

Potential Stage 5-birth rates drop below death rates

DTM Model: Stage Reasoning (The reason for each stage)

Stage 1-preindustrial society

Stage 2-improved healthcare and sanitation

Stage 3-increased education and contraception

Stage 4-high levels of urbanization and industrialization

DTM Model: What does it do?

Levels of social and economic development over time

Epidemiologic stages

Stage 1-pestilence and famine

Stage 2-receding pandemics

Stage 3-degenerative diseases (from old age)

Stage 4-delayed degenerative diseases from improved technology

How the DTM and epidemiologic transition model relate

The epidemiologic transition model explains each stage for the DTM

What was Thomas Malthus theory

population growth will outpace food production, leading to famine, disease, and other constraints on population size

Why was Thomas Malthus wrong?

Agricultural and technological advances

What is the Von Thunen Model

explains how farmers use land based on the cost of land and transportation costs to a central market

What are the patterns of land in the Von Thunen Model?

land use patterns determined by the cost of transporting goods and the value of the land. The most perishable goods and activities requiring intensive labor are located closest to the market, while those requiring less labor and larger land areas are further away. 

What is a federal state?

a political system where power is constitutionally divided between a central, national government and regional governments

What is free-range?

farming practice where livestock can roam outdoors for at least part of the day, rather than being confined to a 24-hour enclosure

What makes a world city?

a major center of the global economy, culture, and politics, significantly influencing the world's socioeconomic affairs

What is industrialization?

the shift from agrarian (farming-based) economies to industrial economies, characterized by mass production using factories and technology

What is deindustrialization and what does it lead to?

the reduction or removal of industrial activity, particularly manufacturing, in a region or country. This process often leads to job losses, economic decline, and social changes in affected areas

What are UNCLOS’s rules?

1) freedoms of navigation-as long as they don’t pose a threat they can pass

2) maritime zones

What are the maritime zones?

Territorial Sea-12 nautical miles (has state soviergnty)

Contingous Zone-24 nautical miles (can enforce laws)

Exclusive Economic Zone-200 nautical miles (state can explore and collect resources)

Continental Shelf-beyond EEZ (exploit subsoil resources)

What is HDI?

measures a country's average achievements in three key dimensions of human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living; 0-1

What is gerrymandering?

manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party

Core and periphery

the core-periphery model divides the world into core and periphery regions, where the core is characterized by high development, technology, and influence, while the periphery is less developed and relies on the core

When and what was the Green Revolution

1950-80’s; introduction of new, high-yielding crop varieties (like dwarf wheat and rice), along with increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation,and mechanization to dramatically increase food production

Creolization

the mixing of languages, traditions, and cultural practices to create something entirely new

Central Place Theory

explains the spatial distribution of cities and settlements, focusing on the economic functions they provide; hexagons!

What is placemaking?

the process of shaping a place and giving it meaning through the actions of people, often focusing on community engagement and public spaces