PSY 324 Exam #3

Analytic Thinking focuses on ______ while Holistic Thinking focuses on ____

the attributes of an object; the relationship between objects

Regarding categorization, Analytic Thinking focuses on ____ categorization while Holistic Thinking focuses on ____

Taxonomic; Thematic

Taxonomic categorization represents a ______ view of self, which cateogizes based on _____

Independent; abstract characteristics

Example of Taxonomic categorization

A carrot does not belong in the same category as dogs and rabbits, which are animals

Thematic categorization represents a _____ view of self, which cateogrizes based on _____

Interdependent; the environment shared among objects

Example of Thematic categorization

A rabbit and a carrot belong in the same category because rabbits feed on carrots, while dogs don't.

Plato saw objects as ____ while Confusious saw objects as _____

having innate qualities (e.g., stone falls because of gravity); interconnected (e.g., the moon influences the tides on Earth)

Field independence applies ______ thinking, and focuses on the object _____ the environment

Analytic; only, not

Example of Field Independence

When looking at a box with a sticker, you focus on the sticker instead of the box

Field dependence applies ____ thinking, and focuses on the object ___ the environment

Holistic; and

Example of field dependence

When looking at a box with a sticker, you focus on everything as a whole

According to research on attention, East Asian/Japanese cultures focus on _____ , while Western/American cultures focus on _____

The whole picture (e.g., environment, objects, people, in a painting)

One specific object (e.g., a person's portrait in a painting, etc.)

The Independent Self of Attention focuses on the attributes of an object (_____) or the underlying qualities of a person (_____), while ignoring the environment (_____)

Analytic thinking; Dispositional attributions; Field independence

The Interdependent Self of Attention focuses on the relationship between objects (_____) or a person's context (_____) and relationships within the environment (_____)

Holistic thinking; Situational attributions; Field dependence

Dispositional attributions are also known as _____ attributions, and focus on _____

Internal; the underlying traits within a person (Analytic)

Example of Dispositional attributions

We may see a student flee a store because they might have robbed something. This is because we try to find an explanation as to why the student themselves may have fled the store.

Situational attributions are also known as _____ attributions, and focus on ______

External; a person's context (Holistic)

Example of Situational attributions

We may see a student flee from the store because the store is on fire. This is because we try to find an explanation in the environment as to why the student may have fled the store.

Fundamental Attributional Error assumes the _____ attributions of a person, which is an issue because we ignore the _____

dispositional; situational information

Fundamental Attribution Error is a _____ trait, and is mainly seen in _______ cultures.

Nonuniversal; Western/American

Example of Fundamental Attribution Error

We assume that a waitress is friendly because they are a good person, when in reality, it's because they want a huge tip.

OR

We assume that a driver who rushes past us is rude, when in reality, it's because they are late to a meeting.

According to the Talking & Thinking study, if European Americans talk out loud it _____ affect scores, but reciting the alphabet ____ their performance.

Does not; lowers

The European American results from the Talking & Thinking study is an example of ____ thinking, which has them _____ when finding answers.

Analytic; go only from Point A and B

According to the Talking & Thinking study, if Asian Americans talk out loud it _____ affect scores, but reciting the alphabet ____ their performance.

Does; improves

The Asian American results from the Talking & Thinking study is an example of ____ thinking, which has them _____ when finding answers.

Holistic; overthink

Explicit communication is seen in ___ cultures, an example of this communication is_____

Western; not beating around the bush and just saying it

Low-context culture is related to ____ communication, and rely on ____

Explicit; needing to be direct and literal (e.g., saying it out loud)

Implicit communication is seen in ____ cultures, an example of this communication is _____

East Asian; taking anything that everyone says into account

High-context culture is related to ____ communication, and rely on ____

Implicit; indirect and nonverbal communication (e.g., gathering as much information as possible)

Regarding research on Voice Memos, Japanese participants were _____ in leaving voice memos because ____

more hesitant; they rely on the person's reactions

Regarding research on Voice Memos, American participants were _____ in leaving voice memos because ____

less hesitant; they are not bothered if the person is present or not

In terms of communication regarding face value, East Asian participants have a harder time judging the person's ______ because ______

Words; the tone is implicit

In terms of communication regarding face value, Western participants have a harder time judging the person's ______ because _______

Tone; the words are explicit

(T/F) Emotions are easy to define

FALSE

According to the James-Lange Theory of Emotions, emotions are based on the _________

Physical responses to a stimulus (e.g., autonomic nervous system)

According to the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion, emotions are based on the _______

Interpretations, done so using our thoughts and cognition

The cultural universality the James-Lange Theory of Emotions means that:

physical responses are the same across every culture

The cultural variability of the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion means that:

Differences in thinking leads to interpretations of emotions having a different meaning across cultures

Based on faces, people are able to interpret people's facial expressions about _____ of the time

58%

The main concept behind Display rules is that emotions are ____

hidden in systematic and consistent ways (e.g., masking for neutral expressions)

The US is considered a low context culture, what does this mean?

The diversity of different cultures within the US leads to less shared information amongst them

What is a solution in dealing with the US' low-context culture?

Engage in explicit, direct communication (e.g., emotional expressiveness through facial features)

(T/F) East Asians are more likely to have heart disease if they suppress their anger

FALSE

Regarding the Intensity Study on Blood Pressure, European Canadians are more likely to _______

Be angered about the situation, and will continue to be angry about it

Regarding the Intensity Study on Blood Pressure, Asian Canadians are more likely to _______

Rationalize about the situation, causing the anger to dissipate

For East Asians, better health and positive emotions are ______ correlated

For Western Americans, better health and positive emotions are ______ correlated

not; very

Interpersonally Engaging is for ______ cultures, while Interpersonally Disengaging is for ______ cultures

Independent; Interdependent

In Interpersonal Disengaging, you want to _____ and not _____

Feel proud/superior; express anger/sulky feelings

In Interpersonal Engaging, you want to _____ and not ____

Have respect/friendly feelings; be ashamed/indebted

(T/F) Happiness is not an important aspect in American Culture

FALSE

What are the contributing factors to subjective well-being and happiness?

1. Wealth

2. Human rights

3. "Life satisfaction"

4. How happy we feel

Individualistic cultures view life satisfactions as _____

What one truly feels

Collectivistic cultures view life satisfaction as ____

The result of following cultural norms

Regarding happiness, Americans should be happy ____

In general, as it is the end-all, be-all

Regarding happiness, Asians should be happy ____

If it collaborates with other emotions

Regarding the Satisfaction study, European Americans view emotions as _____ while European Asians view emotions as ____

One indefinite emotion; balanced altogether

Regarding the consequences study, European American results show that_____

The more positive the emotions, the lower the signs of depression

Regarding the consequences study, European Asian results show that_____

the level of depression and positive emotions felt remain the same; feeling both happy and sad at the same time

High-arousal positive states are seen in _____ cultures, and involve feelings of _____

Western, American; enthusiasm and excitement

Low-arousal positive states are seen in _____ cultures, and involve feelings of _____

Asian; peace and contentment

When an emotion is preferred by a specific culture, that is known as the:

Ideal Effect

Whats the main idea behind both Clear Complexion and Bilateral Symmetry?

Universal attractiveness is based on having good health

(T/F) Average Features are seen as more attractive

TRUE

In terms of universality, the Propinquity effect is _____, while the Similarity-Attraction effect is ____

universal; nonuniversal

Brenda and Mark are from the same neighborhood. They share the same class together, and walk home after school together. Brenda eventually finds Mark attractive due to their frequent meet-ups. This is known as the:

Propinquity Effect

What is the explanation for the Propinquity Effect?

The Mere Exposure effect

The term "Birds of a feather, flock together" applies to the:

Similarity-Attraction effect

Mark and his classmate Brenda share similar interests, are both religious, and have the same favorite food. Mark finds Brenda attractive due to their similarities. This is known as the:

Similarity-Attraction effect

In a cultural study of the Similarity Attraction effect, Western participants find attraction ____ while Asian participants find attraction _____

due to similarity; indifferent i

Mark's family share a common identity, where everyone is treated the same and all share the same resources. This is an example of:

Communal Sharing

(T/F) Communal sharing is stronger in places like India than the United States

TRUE

In Authority Ranking, those who are in ____ rank have to rely on those with ____ rank to protect them. This is because ____

lower, higher; those who are of higher rank have more privileges

What makes Equity Matching and Market Pricing different?

1. Equity Pricing focuses on balancing (e.g., I scratch my back, you scratch mine)

2. Market Pricing focuses on the current moment (e.g., borrowing)

While Equity Matching and Market Pricing are similar, Equity Matching is seen in ____ cultures while Market Pricing is seen in ____

collectivistic; individualistic

High relational mobility emphasizes _____, while low relational mobility emphasizes _____

freedom to make new friends by choice, stability and friendship due to circumstances

Whats the explanation on a Westerner's higher levels of passion and intimacy?

They have high-relation mobility

What is the explanation on a Asian's lower levels of passion and intimacy?

They have low-relation mobillity

Intimacy involves _____, while Passion involves ______

closeness or connection; physical, sexual desire

Westerners are intimate due to____, but Non-Westerners are intimate due to ______

an individual effect; intimacy being a group effort

(T/F) Westerners are more committed to their relationships than East Asians

FALSE

The _____ levels of individualism, the _____ likelihood of divorce

higher; higher

For better commitment, Westerners must:

Idealize their partner

(T/F) Marriage based on love is nonuniversal

TRUE

Men feel ____ in love in Love marriages than women, but love is ____ in Arranged marriages compared to women.

less, kept stronger

(T/F) Arrange marriages are less common than love marriages

FALSE

(T/F) Arranged marriages are just as happy as love marriages

TRUE