Anatomy and Physiology SCIOLY Lesson 1

Chemical

atoms and molecules

Cell

the functional units of the body, made up of chemicals

Tissue

a group of similar cells, four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Organ

two or more types of tissue that together perform a function

Organ System

a group of organs that considered a unit because of a common set of functions

Organism

a whole being that can function and live on its own

Superior/Rostral

up, above

Inferior/Caudal

down, below

Anterior/Ventral

front

Posterior/Dorsal

back

Proximal

near, nearest to point of attachment

Distal

far, farthest to point of attachment

Medial

towards the middle

Lateral

away from middle, to the side

Superficial

near the surface

Deep

towards the interior of the body

Ipsilateral

same side of the median, used when describing two parts in relation to each other

Contralateral

opposite side of the median, used when describing two parts in relation to each other

How many cells are in your body?

Trilions

tiniest functional part of any living organism?

cells

made up of elements, and so are much larger than atoms?

cells

cell membrane

contains the contents of the cell, kind of like a plastic bag. It lets some things go in and out through the processes of active and passive transport.

One form of passive transport is known as?

diffusion

diffusion

is when particles of high concentration move to areas of low concentration. This can be seen when you spray air freshener in a room. The scent does not only stay where you sprayed it, it spreads out around the room.

nucleus

is the main command center of the cell. It stores DNA, which is used when a cell multiplies (mitosis).

mitochondria

are the powerhouse of the cell. They make most of the cell's energy needed to perform tasks.

The process of making cellular energy is known as

cellular respiration

Vesicles

transport substances throughout the cells.

Ribosomes

are involved in protein synthesis or the making of protein. They are either located bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or freely-floating in the cytosol.

Lysosomes

break down material that is no longer in use. The material can then be recycled into other things.

Vacuoles

store substances in the cell. They are bigger than vesicles

Golgi apparatus

is the cell's UPS. It is involved in shipping and receiving substances.

Microtubules

provide structural support and make up part of the cytoskeleton, as well as being part of cilia and flagella.

Centrosomes

serve as the microtubule organizing center of the cell. There is only one in each animal cell consisting of two centrioles.

Nerve Cells or Neurons

are located throughout the brain. They help us with the five senses (taste, touch, smell, sight, sound), memory, and autonomous activities like breathing.

Muscle Cells

help move the body

Epithelial Cells

help protect the body and provide a covering

Glandular Cells

secrete helpful chemicals into various parts of the body. One example is the type of cell located in the armpits to secrete sweat, which relieves the body of harmful chemicals.

Epithelium

is found throughout the body. It covers both internal and external surfaces, as well as forming most glands. Its major purposes are protecting structures, acting as barriers, permitting the passage of substances through diffusion, secreting enzymes or mucous, and absorbing substances.

Simple?

one layer

Stratified

more than one layer

Pseudostratified

appearing to be stratified, but actually simple

Cuboidal

cube-like

Columnar

column-like (tall and thin)

Squamous

flat

Simple Squamous

lung alveoli, the site of gas exchange

Simple Cuboidal

kidneys

Simple Columnar

stomach and intestines, secrete and absorbs

Pseudostratified Columnar

nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, trachea

Stratified Squamous

skin