Two-Way Tables and Graphs: Contingency, Relative Frequencies, and Associations in Categorical Data

What is a two-way table?

A two-way table, also called a contingency table, is used to summarize two categorical variables.

What can the entries in a two-way table represent?

The entries can be frequencies (counts) or relative frequencies (proportions).

What is a joint relative frequency?

A joint relative frequency is a cell frequency divided by the total number of individuals in the sample.

What is a segmented bar graph used for?

A segmented bar graph displays the proportion of the totals of one category that the other category makes up, with segments totaling 100%.

What is a marginal relative frequency?

A marginal relative frequency is a row or column total in a two-way table divided by the table total.

What is a conditional relative frequency?

A conditional relative frequency is a joint frequency divided by a marginal frequency.

What does it indicate if conditional relative frequencies differ significantly from marginal relative frequencies?

It may indicate an association between the variables.

What is the purpose of a side-by-side bar graph?

A side-by-side bar graph compares two categorical variables by placing corresponding bars next to each other within the same category.

What is a stacked bar graph?

A stacked bar graph is created by stacking the bars from a side-by-side bar graph.

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