AP Psych Unit 1 vocab

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168 Terms

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nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

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Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

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natural selection

the principle that the inherited traits enabling an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (in competition with other trait variations) most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.

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evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

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behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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mutation

a random error in gene replication that leads to a change

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environment

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

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heredity

the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to offspring

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genes

the biochemical unites of heredity

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identical (monozygotic) twins

individuals who developed from a single fertilized egg that split in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

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fraternal (dizygotic) twins

individuals who developed from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than ordinary siblings, but shared a prenatal environment.

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epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

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central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

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peripheral nervous system

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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sensory (afferent) neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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motor (efferent) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

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autonomic nervous system

The part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs.

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sympatheic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

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parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

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reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

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neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

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cell body

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell's life-support center

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dendrites

a neuron's often bushy, branching extensions that receive and integrate messages, conducting impulses toward the cell body

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axon

the segmented neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

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myelin sheath

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

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glial cells

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

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action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

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refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

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all-or-none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.

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synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

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reuptake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

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endorphins

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure

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agonist

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action

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antagonist

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action

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endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues

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psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

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substance use disorder

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

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depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

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tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

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withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

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barbiturates

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

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opioids

opium and its derivatives; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

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stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

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hallucinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

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near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

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biological psychology

the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes

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biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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level of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

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neuroplasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

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lesion

tissue destruction

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EEG (electroencephalogram)

An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.

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MEG (magnetoencephalography)

a brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain's natural electrical activity

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CT (computed tomography) scan

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brains structure

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PET (positron emission tomography)

a technique for detecting brain activity that displays where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.

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fMRI (functional MRI)

A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.

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hindbrain

consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; directs essential survival functions, such as breathing, sleeping, and wakefulness, as well as coordination and balance

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midbrain

found atop the brainstem; connects the hindbrain with the forebrain, controls some motor movement, and transmits auditory and visual information

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forebrain

consists of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus; manages complex cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities

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brainstem

the central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.

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medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

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thalamus

the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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reticular formation

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

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cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

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limbic system

neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.

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amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

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hypthalamus

a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity.

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cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center

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frontal lobes

areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

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parietal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position

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occipital lobes

regions of the cerebral cortex - at the back of the brain - important for vision

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temporal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear

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motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

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somatosensory cortex

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

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association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

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neurogenesis

the development of new neurons

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corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

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Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga

Researchers who worked with split brain patients to examine hemisphere specialization.

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split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them

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consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

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dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

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blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

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parallel processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

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sequential processing

the processing of one aspect of a problem at a time; used when we focus attention on new or complex tasks

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sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness--as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

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circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

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REM sleep

Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

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alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

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NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

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hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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hypnagogic sensations

bizarre experiences, such as jerking or a feeling of falling or floating weightlessly, while transitioning to sleep

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delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

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suprachiasmatic nucleus

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm