CompTIA A+ 1102 Terms

cd or chdir

Command line that displays the name of the current directory or changes the current folder. Using a ".." goes up one directory.

dir

Command line that lists files or directories

md or mkdir + name

Command line that makes a new directory

rd or rmdir

Command line that removes a directory

ipconfig

Command line that shows IP address, subnet mask, default gateway information

ping

Command line that sends a message from one computer to another to check whether it is reachable and active. It tests end-to-end connection.

hostname

Command line that views the name of the device

netstat

Command line that displays current TCP/IP connections

nslookup + url

Command line that looks up information from the DNS server

chkdsk

Command line that provides a status report of the disk

net user

Command line that views user account information

net use

Command line that is used to map a network drive to a drive letter

tracert

A command-line utility used to follow the path a packet takes between two hosts. It performs a series of ICMP echo requests to determine which device in the connection path is not responding appropriately.

format

Command line that formats a disk for use with Windows.

xcopy

Command in the command-line interface used to copy multiple directories at once, which the copy command could not do.

copy + original file + new file

Command line that copies a file

robocopy

Powerful command-line utility for copying files and directories, even over a network. Robust copy.

del + name of file

Command line that deletes a file

gpupdate

Windows command for making immediate group policy changes in an individual system.

gpresult

The Windows command to find out group policies that are currently applied to a system for the computer or user. It is used to display the Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP) information for a remote user and computer.

DISM (Deployment Image Servicing and Management)

The _ is a command-line tool used to mount and service Windows images before deployment. This command with the /RestoreHealth option can run a scan to identify and repair any image or virtual hard drive corruption.

shutdown

Command line that shuts down or restarts computer, has the option for a time delay

sfc

The System File Checker command is used to verify and repair system files.

diskpart

A Windows command to manage hard drives, partitions, and volumes.

pathping

A Windows utility that combines the functionality of the tracert and ping utilities to provide deeper information about network issues along a route; similar to UNIX's mtr command.

winver

Command line prompt to see what version of Windows you're running

msinfo32.exe

If you need to find the model and speed of the installed processor and hard drive and the amount of memory installed, what utility should you open? What command can be used to launch the System Information window?

mmc.exe

\-Microsoft Management Console

Can build your own management framework

Choose from list of available "snap-ins"

Framework used for many built-in management tools

Located under C:\\Windows\\System32

Can also open through the cmd line or Run cmd

eventvwr.msc

Open Event Viewer

diskmgmt.msc

A Windows Command Prompt command used for launching a GUI system utility for managing HDDs

taskschd.msc

Task Scheduler

devmgmt.msc

opens device manager from runline

certmgr.msc

Certificates snap-in for MMC that provides access to the certificate store

lusrmgr.msc

What is the command to launch the Local Users and Groups Manager console?

perfmon.msc

The program file for the Windows Reliability and Performance Monitor console.

gpedit.msc

group policy snap in

resmon.exe

_ stands for Resource Monitor; it is a monitoring feature to monitor the activities of your CPU, RAM, etc. _ provides you with more of a quick summary.

msconfig.exe

System Configuration tool: designed to configure and troubleshoot the Windows start up process. It is used to disable or re-enable software, device drivers, and Windows services that run at startup, or to change boot parameters.

cleanmgr.exe

Windows disk cleanup utility

dfrgui.exe

Disk Defragmenter application:

Arranges stored data on a disk into contiguous blocks (defragmentation). Because individual files are stored on disks in multiple separate blocks, the used and empty storage areas on a disk can become fragmented and scattered.

regedit.exe

\-The Windows Registry edit command

The big huge master database

Hierarchical structure

Use to configure different parts in Windows

Use to configure different applications in Windows

Used by almost everything in Windows: Kernel Drivers, Device Drivers, Services, Security Account Manager( SAM), User Interface, Applications, UI.

128GB

RAM support limitation for Windows Home

2TB

RAM support limitation for Windows Pro

6TB

RAM support limitation for Windows Pro for Workstations

6TB

RAM support limitation for Windows Enterprise

NTFS (New Technology File System)

A file system used on Windows-based systems. It is more efficient and provides much more security than do FAT-based file systems. Supports file compression, encryption, large files, recoverability. Very Windows-specific; many other OSes cannot write to it.

FAT32 (File Allocation Table)

A file system that was popular in earlier versions of Windows (such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows NT, and Windows 2000). The limitations of it make it less desirable than NTFS. Volume size up to 2tb and max file size 4gb.

exFAT (Extended File Allocation Table)

A 64-bit version of the file allocation table file system designed for use on large USB flash drives. Can be used on Windows, Linux, and Mac.

ext3

The Linux file system that was the first to support journaling, which is a technique that tracks and stores changes to the hard drive and helps prevent file system corruption.

APFS (Apple File System)

In macOS, the default file system for SSDs; it can also be used for magnetic hard drives. It uses the GUID partitioning system. Supports data integrity and encryption.

2TB

Maximum partition size for MBR

9 billion TB

Maximum partition size for Globally Unique Identifier Partition Table (GPT)?

DMG file

In Mac OS X, a disk image file similar to WIM or ISO files in Windows.

PKG file

Installer package in Mac OS, like an exe in windows

APP file

Can right click and view package contents, and can also delete the whole program by simply deleting this type of Mac OS file extension

Finder

Mac OS X's file and folder browser.

ls

List directory. Linux equivalent of the dir command, which displays the contents of a directory. + -L is the longer view.

pwd

Print working directory. A Linux command displaying an absolute path to (i.e. full filename of) the current working directory is called:

vi

The _ (visual) utility is a popular screen-oriented text editor in Linux, Unix, and other Unix-like operating systems. When using it, the terminal screen acts as a window into the editing buffer. Changes made to the editing buffer shall be reflected in the screen display, and the position of the cursor on the screen will indicate the position within the editing buffer.

mv

Linux command that renames a file - command + SOURCE + DESTINATION.

cp

Linux command that copies a file - command SOURCE DEST

rm

Linux command for deleting files

chown

Linux command used to change the owner and the group to which a file or folder is associated. Must use sudo command before.

chmod

A Linux command that is used to modify permissions for files. r-read w-write x-execute (rwx). Permissions file binary in the chart. Uses 3 numbers to represent rwx. Must use sudo command before. User/group/others.

sudo

Linux command to execute a specific function as a super user

apt-get

Linux command for installing or updating a program using the advanced packaging tool.

grep (Global Regular Expression Print)

Linux command to search through text files or command outputs to find specific information or to filter out unneeded information. Find a piece of text in a file: command + word + file

ip

linux command to view internet protocol information. Command + address - view interface IP. Command + route - view IP routing table.

df

Linux command that views file systems and storage space. Suffix -h gives you human readable amounts.

ps

Linux command like windows task manager that views processes. -e suffix views all processes.

man

Linux command that comes before the other command to access the manual for the following command. Like the help key in Windows.

top

Linux command that is like a task manager which shows percentages of resources consumed.

find

Linux command that searches this set of folders for txt files. Command -name ".txt"

dig

A Linux command-line alternative to Nslookup, looks up info from DNS servers

cat

Linux command for concatenate - prints what is listed in two or more files. I.e. command + file1.txt file2.txt - prints out both files contents.

nano

Linux command which begins the full screen text editor. type "command + filename" to enter the text editor on a specific file.

tar

Linux command for Tape ARchiver - helps create, extract, and list archive contents.

WPA2

wireless network encryption protocol invented in 2004 that uses CCMP block cipher. Uses AES encryption, but the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) can be brute forced in a couple days. Four way handshake.

WPA3

wireless network encryption protocol invented in 2018 that uses Galois/Counter Mode Protocol. Uses AES as well as the Galois Message Authentication Code. Creates a session key without sending the shared key over the network via the use of simultaneous authentication of equals and the diffie-Hellman equation. Dragonfly handshake.

TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)

Deprecated encryption standard that provided a new encryption key for every sent packet.

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)

A strong symmetric block cipher that encrypts data in 128-bit blocks. It can use key sizes of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits.

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)

Deprecated key encryption technique for wireless networks that uses keys both to authenticate network clients and to encrypt data in transit.

safe mode, system restore, last known good

3 troubleshooting steps for windows stop error / blue screen of death due to software?

reseat, run hardware diagnostics

2 troubleshooting steps for windows stop error / blue screen of death due to hardware?

task manager, update, disk space, power saving mode, malware

5 troubleshooting steps for sluggish performance.

Remove USBs, Startup repair, Windows Boot Configuration Database

How to troubleshoot an error involving an operating system not being found, otherwise known as a boot error (3 steps)?

Start up repair, manually replace bootloader

How to troubleshoot a missing boot loader in Windows?

replace driver

How to troubleshoot a device that is not starting

start service manually, check account permissions, service dependencies, check system files, or reinstall application

How to troubleshoot "one or more services failed to start"

event log, reliability monitor, reinstall application

How to troubleshoot an application that stops working

Move the USB to another port

What to do when you receive the error "the USB controller does not have enough resources for this device"?

full diagnostic, hardware diagnostics, SFC (system file checker)

How to troubleshoot a general system failure like system hangs and software errors?

check network latency to domain controller (may be pulling user policies and login scripts from a remote domain controller over the slower wide area network)

How to fix a slow profile load in a Windows Enterprise environment (like a corporate environment).

Restart in task manager

What do you do if a Windows background service begins to fail, like a crash or memory leak?

SFC (system file checker, sfc /scannow)

What command do you run to verify the integrity of the core operating system files?

troubleshoot\>advanced options\>startup repair

How to fix when Windows will not boot - what options to click in order to repair the Windows startup process (3 steps)?

disable browser notifications, scan for malware

What are two things you should do if you keep getting browser push notifications or desktop alerts like pretending to be an out-of-date antivirus issue?

investigate and verify malware symptoms

step 1 for best practice of malware removal

quarantine infected systems

step 2 for best practice of malware removal

Disable system restore (in windows)

step 3 for best practice of malware removal