DCUSH FINAL EXAM

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Jamestown

1607 - first successful settlement

• tobacco saves colony

• House of Burgesses elected by the colonists governed in partnership with the royal governor.  

Quakers

religious toleration

Signing of the declaration of independence

• July 4th 1776

• Benjamin franklin

• John Adams

• Roger Sherman

• Robert Livingston

• Thomas Jefferson

Supporters of the American revolution

• patriots that wanted freedom from great britain

• George Washington

• Thomas Jefferson

British taxation after the French and Indian war

Britain imposed new taxes on American colonies, like the Sugar Act (1764) and Stamp Act (1765), to help pay massive war debts

Articles of Confederation

• laws to unite 13 states created by congress

• Very weak

Shays rebellion

In Massachusetts armed farmers led by Daniel Shays shut down the courts, blocking foreclosures. because of economic depression and people letting farmers lose their jobs highlighted weakness of government

Federalists and Antifederalist

• Federalists wanted the United States to have a strong central government. 

•  James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay —wrote a series of letters called The Federalist Papers arguing in favor of the Constitution.

•  Separation of Powers and Checks and Balances would keep the government from gaining too much power.

•  Support from urban artisans and merchants

Anti federalists wanted the bill of rights

Indian Removal Act

• The Indian Removal Act (1830) forces Native Americans off their land.

• pushed by Andrew Jackson

Abolition

• movement to end slavery

Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South

• William Lloyd garrison

• Frederick Douglass

• Northeast and midwest

Manifest Destiny

• Manifest destiny—belief that God wants U.S. to extend to Pacific
  - 1840’s  nearly 20,000 Americans migrated to California, Oregon, and Utah along the major overland trails. 

• trade route for goods

Jefferson Davis

• elected president of Confederacy

• Captured in Georgia

• Served 2 years in prison

• Was not tried for treason

• Released on bond 1867

• led rebellion against us government

South Carolina

• pro slavery

• South Carolina, claimed that it could void, or nullify, unconstitutional laws within its borders. – Nullification. South Carolina also threatens to secede.

• South Carolina eventually backs down but the fight between states’ rights and the federal government is not over.

• seceded from the union in 1864

John Brown

• “God’s angry man”

  • Pottawatomie Massacre (1856)

• Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

• death by hanging

• A heroic martyr to the antislavery cause

• Southerners- viewed Brown as terrorist

Fort Sumter

• Fort Sumter – Charleston harbor still in Union hands.

Strengths of the confederacy

fighting a defensive war on familiar home territory, a strong military tradition with many trained officers from Southern military schools, a highly motivated fighting force defending their homes, and early successes with skilled generals like Robert E. Lee

• strengths: cotton, good generals (Robert E. Lee) , motivated soldiers

• Only had to defend where the Union had to invade. 

strength of the union

• strengths: population, factories, Immigration food production, railroads, financial industry, Navy

• Anaconda Plan Union: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond

Confederate invasion of the north

• The Battle of Gettysburg - July 1 – July 3, 1863

  • General Lee marched into Pennsylvania. He hoped to win a surprise victory & force Lincoln to negotiate. 

• Three day battle and largest of the civil war. 

• 1/3 of Lee’s forces are lost and was the last Confederate attempt to invade the North. 

What was lincoln’s main goal at the beginning of the civil war?

preserve the Union and prevent the Southern states from seceding. 

Lincolns assassination

• April 14,  1865 Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater

• Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry and shot

• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

Freedmen’s Bureau

The Freedmen's Bureau (Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands) was a U.S. federal agency created after the Civil War to help newly freed enslaved people and poor whites in the South transition to freedom

Limitations on voting for African Americans after the civil war

• poll tax

• literacy tests

• grandfather clause

Goals of the KKK after reconstruction

• The Ku Klux Klan

  • Southern vigilante group – uses violence to intimidate

  • terrorized freed African Americans and their supporters during Reconstruction.

    
    

Bessemer Process

• Henry Bessemer

  • Bessemer Process- purifying iron to make strong, lightweight steel 

New Immigrants vs old immigrants

New

• 1870 -

• southern and eastern europe

• catholics

• greeks

Old

• - 1870

• Germans

• Irish

Angel island

San Francisco

Push Vs. Pull factors

Push

• Push factors: Famine, War, Persecution, Falling crop prices for farmers

• Wars and political revolutions.

• Russian and eastern European Jews fled religious persecution. 

Pull

• economic opportunity, religious freedom

• 1862 Homestead Act- western farmland inexpensive.

• Immigrants were recruited from their homelands

  • build railroads

  • dig in mines

  • work in oil fields, 

  • harvest produce

  • factories.

• “chain immigrants” - joining family and friends who had already settled

Building materials for people living in the great plains

the primary building material was sod (prairie turf) due to wood scarcity, forming thick, insulating walls in homes and dugouts, supplemented by local stone where available; while Native American groups used bison hides for teepees and timber for lodges, settlers later adopted lumber, often brought in by railroads

Government policy towards American Indians after the indian wars

• Dawes Act bars American Indians from selling plots of land for 25 years

• American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 made all American Indians citizens of the U.S. with full voting rights

Supporters of the Populist Party

primarily supported farmers, laborers, and the working class in the late 19th century, advocating for government control of railroads/utilities, a graduated income tax, an eight-hour workday, and financial reforms like free silver to help debtors and increase currency

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle illustrates despair of immigrants working in Chicago’s stockyards and reveals unsanitary conditions in meatpacking

• Roosevelt reads Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and pushes for passage of Meat Inspection Act

• Pure Food and Drug Act - allows federal inspection of food and medicine (labels)

  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration) currently handles this in U.S.

The year 1898 and its importance

• Hawaii becomes official U.S. territory in 1898 under William McKinley after outbreak of Spanish-American War

  • Sanford B. Dole becomes first governor

• Congress officially declares war on Spain on April 19, 1898

May 1, 1898 - Commodore George Dewey and U.S. naval forces attack Spanish at Manila Bay, secure quick win\

US becomes world power

Goals of the Women’s Christian Temperance Movement

• Temperance movement = aimed at stopping alcohol abuse

• Leads to passage of 18th Amendment (Prohibition)

W.E.B DuBois and racial equality

• W.E.B. Du Bois rejects view; must demand social/civil rights or become permanent victims of racism (Niagara Movement)

Plessy Vs Ferguson

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) - upheld Jim Crow laws that segregated people based on race in public facilities (separate but equal doctrine)

Causes of World war 1

• M - Militarism

• A - Alliance System

• N – Nationalism

• I  – Imperialism

• A - Assassination

Fighting on the western front

The stalemate led to gruesome conditions for the men in the trenches of the Western Front. Spring of 1918 – Germany launches all-out offensive on the Western Front.

US entering world war 1

• When the United States entered World War I in the spring of 1917, the conflict had become a deadly, bloody stalemate. The war would be won or lost on the Western Front in France. Since 1914, both sides had tried desperately to break the stalemate there—and failed. The American entry into the war would play a key role in the Allied victory.

The great migration

• Great Migration-movement of African Americans in the twentieth century from the South to the North

  • Push factors- Jim Crow laws, lynchings, racism, and few economic opportunities

  • Pull Factors- economic opportunities, family and friends

Central powers

• The Triple Alliance - Central Powers

  • Germany– Austria Hungary, Italy

  • Italy drops out Ottoman Empire joins when war breaks out

Allied powers

a coalition led by Great Britain, France, and Russia, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States

Treaty of Paris (1898)

December 10, 1898, and marked the official end of the Spanish–American War.

Platt Amendment

United States legislation enacted as part of the Army Appropriations Act of 1901 that defined the relationship between the United States and Cuba following the Spanish–American War.

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

• June 28^th , 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand  of Austria-Hungary -  visits Sarajevo, Bosnia

British blockade of Germany

• Keep essential goods from reaching Germany.

• Hunger Blockade - 750,000 civilians starve by wars end

Convoy system

• Convoy system—destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic

New weapons used during ww1

Flame throwers, tanks, machine guns, u-boats, planes, and blimps etc. were all new types of mechanized weaponry used in world war 1.

American Neutrality

President Woodrow Wilson's initial policy of non-intervention, urging impartiality