CHEM 220 Final

direction in which acid and base reaction goes

towards weaker acid and weaker base

do amides and aldehydes react?

yes but into something we havent learned in class

Stereoisomer

atoms where swapping 2 groups gives a new molecule. Cis-trans is possible

How many stereoisomers does glucose have

16

When the OH group is on the right of the fisher projection

The OH points down on the haworth projection

When the OH group is on the left of the fisher projection

the OH points up on the haworth projection

oxidation of aldehyde

aldonic acid, where the aldehyde becomes a carboxylic acid

oxidation of aldehyde + terminal alcohol

aldaric acid. both ends are carboxylic acids

oxidation of terminal alcohol only

alduronic acid. aldehyde stays the same while terminal alcohol becomes a carboxylic acid

reduction of aldehyde

top aldehyde becomes a terminal alcohol. bottom terminal alcohol stays the same

Maltose

2 glucose units.

lactose

galactose and glucose

what does a galactose look like

glucose but carbon 4 is on the right, not the left in the fisher projection

fructose

it is a ketopentase not a aldohexase

sucrose

glucose + fructose

why does sucrose not reduce?

aldehydes are not present in the solution to undergo oxidation

What is an alkyl group?

formed when removing 1 hydrogen from an alkane chain

amide hydrolysis with an acid catalyst

NH gets replaced with an OH, NH4+ is a byproduct

amide hydrolysis with a base catalyst

NH gets replaced with an O-, NH3 is a byproduct

What alcohols are most likely to go through a condensation reaction?

secondary/tertiary, while primary undergos condensation at a low temperature

Can a phenol undergo oxidation?

no in the scope of CHEM 220

Can phenols undergo a dehydration (180)?

no

can phenols undergo a condensation reaction (140)?

no

Can tertiary alcohols undergo oxidation?

no because the carbon of the alcohol has no H atoms