APUSH Period 5

Why 1844-1877?

• Election of James K. Polk to end of Reconstruction

Manifest Destiny

• belief that the United States was destined and divinely ordained to expand across the North American continent, from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean

• Coined by John O Sullivan

• leads to conflict over slavery in western territories

California Gold Rush

• period of rapid migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848

• Thousands of people, known as '49ers, moved to the state hoping to strike it rich

• westward expansion

Mormons

• Fled west due to prosecution

• Bc of practice of polygamy

Election of James K. Polk

• 1844

• believer of manifest destiny

• “54 40 or fight”

• expressed the sentiment that U.S. should control all of Oregon territory up to latitude 54°40′

Sam Houston

• key figure in the history of Texas, serving as its first president when it became an independent republic in 1836 and later as its governor when it joined the United States

• He played a crucial role in Texas' fight for independence from Mexico

• Battle of San Jacinto

Battle of Alamo

• mission in San Antonio, Texas

• was the site of a famous battle during the Texas Revolution in 1836 where Texan defenders were overrun by Mexican forces

Battle of San Jacinto

• was the decisive battle in 1836 where Texan forces under Sam Houston defeated Mexican troops

• led directly to Texan independence

Oregon Territory

Confederate States of America

• also known as Confederacy, was an unrecognized breakaway state that existed from 1861 to 1865

• It was formed by seven southern states where slavery was legal, who seceded from United States due to disagreements over states' rights and slavery.

American Civil War

• conflict fought from 1861 to 1865 between Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederacy) who seceded from the Union over issues including slavery and states' rights

14th Amendment

• granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States—including former slaves—and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”

15th Amendment

• prohibited governments from denying U.S. citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

18th Amendment

• ratified in 1919, prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. It led to the era known as Prohibition

Election of 1860

• Abraham Lincoln won

• three other candidates: John Bell, John Breckinridge, Stephen Douglas

• led directly to Southern secession and ultimately to Civil War

• demonstrated the South’s political weakness because a Northern Republican could win the presidency without a single electoral vote from the South

Annexation of Texas

• Manifest destiny

• Texas joined the United States as its 28th state in 1845. This followed nearly a decade after it won independence from Mexico and existed as an independent Republic.

Reasons for Westward Expansion

• Texas: cultivation and farming

• Oregon (via oregon trail) for farming

• California for gold

• Utah for Mormons seeking religious freedom

Homestead Act of 1862

• gave settlers 160 acres of public land for a small fee, provided they improve the land by building a dwelling and cultivating crops.

Oregon Trail

• 2,170-mile route from Missouri to Oregon used by pioneers during the mid-1800s for westward expansion

Texas War of Independence

• military conflict between Republic of Texas (established by American settlers) and Mexico

• Decisive victory by Texan army led by Sam Houston at battle of San Jacinto

• created republic of Texas

• preface to the Mexican-American War

Mexican-American War

• conflict between Mexico and America that followed America's annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its territory despite an independent Texan Republic existing since 1836

Causes of Mexican-American War

• Dispute over the border between Texas (Rio Grande) and Mexico (Nueces River)

• Annexation of Texas

• Expansionist policies of US gov

• US’ economic/strategic interest

Effects of Mexican-American War

• Territorial

• economic/political

• slavery

• Native Americans

• Territorial changes:

  • Mexico ceding half its land to US (Mexican Cession)

• Economic/political:

  • US: led to economic growth and expansion in the West

  • Mexico: loss of territory, resources, and population and significant debt, rise of political factions in Mexico→ instability of the country's political landscape

• Slavery/race relations:

  • acquisition of new territory→ question of whether or not to allow slavery in those territories became a major point of contention between the Northern and Southern states→ civil war

• Native Americans

  • displacement and forced relocation of many indigenous people

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• peace agreement signed in 1848 that ended the Mexican-American War.

• United States acquired over half of Mexico's territory

Wilmot Proviso

• argued for what

• successful?

• first time what

• Unsuccessful addition to a bill to fund the US army during the war

• argued for a complete ban on slavery in captured territories → made tensions worse

• first time congressional action was taken with the intent of limiting the expansion of slavery

Compromise of 1850

• 5 bills

• effectiveness

• package of five separate bills passed by the U.S. Congress

• defused a political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican-American War

  • 1. South got Fugitive Slave Act

  • 2. North got California as free state

  • 3. North got end of slave trade in DC

  • 4. North got boundary dispute resolved in favor of non-slave New Mexico

  • 5. Rest of Mexican Cession territory based on popular sovereignty

• Effectiveness

  • failure (short lived- 4 yrs)

  • admission of more free states without corresponding slave states angered the South

  • Fugitive Slave Act caused outrage in North

Popular Sovereignty

doctrine stating that people should have the right to rule themselves

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854

• allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders

• repealed Missouri Compromise of 1820

Dred Scott Decision

• Supreme Court decision in 1857 held that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, were not citizens and had no rights under the Constitution

Bleeding Kansas

• term used to describe violent civil confrontations in Kansas Territory between 1854-1861 over whether or not Kansas would enter the Union as a slave state or free state

• sparked by kansas-nebraska act

• Border Ruffians (pro-slavery) vs Free soilers (anti-slavery)

Third Party System

• Whigs vs. Democrats → Northern Whigs/Northern Democrats vs Southern Whigs/Southern Democrats

• Break up of Whig Party

  • Conscience Whigs: faction of the Whig Party that opposed slavery

  • Cotton Whigs: faction of the Whig Party who emphasized economic development over anti-slavery sentiments

• Republican Party

  • Formed by combination of conscience whigs/free soil party/liberty party/know-nothings

  • all about opposition to slavery in the territories

Secession

• In response to election of 1860

• South Carolina first to secede

• cotton-growing states created confederacy on basis of white supremacy

Fort Sumter

• rebels attacked the Federal arsenal at Ft. Sumter in South Carolina

• site where the first shots of the American Civil War were fired on April 12, 1861

• major catalyst of the outbreak of Civil War

North/South Advantages

North

• more money

• better weapons

• more people

• dominated US economy

South

• Better military leaders

Freeport Doctrine

• statement made by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858.

• He argued that despite the Dred Scott decision, people could still keep slavery out of their territories by refusing to pass laws supporting it.

Union Timidity

reasons

• lack of experienced military leadership at the start of the war

• overall lack of preparedness for the war

• not until later in the war, when more experienced and aggressive generals such as Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman took command, that the Union began to achieve more decisive victories on the battlefield.

First inaugural address

• speech delivered by President Abraham Lincoln at his first inauguration

• March 4, 1861

• aimed at reassuring the Southern states that he had no intention to abolish slavery where it already existed/urged them not to secede

Opposition to Civil War

• Copperheads/Peace Democrats

  • opposed war in the north

  • wanted immediate peace w confederates

• New York Draft Riots

  • North

• Bread riots

  • south

Battle of Atlanta

• major Civil War battle fought on July 22, 1864

• Union forces under General William T. Sherman defeated Confederate troops

• significantly boosted Northern morale and helped ensure Lincoln's re-election

Martial Law

• what

• declared by who

• purpose

• military forces take control of normal civilian functions of government, especially during times of emergency or civil disorder

• declared by Lincoln

• to prevent spread of rebellion

Emancipation Proclamation

• Date

• did it free all slaves?

• didn’t apply to who

• reframed war goal

• January 1863

• freed slaves in areas in rebellion, so no slaves were immediately freed since those areas were not listening to him

• didn’t apply to border states to keep them loyal

• reframes war goal: goals are now emancipation/preserving the Union

Gettysburg Address

• date

• given by who bc of what

• significance

• Nov 19 1863

• Speech given by Lincoln

• at the dedication of Soldiers' National Cemetery following Battle of Gettysburg

• redefined the purpose of war as not just preserving union but also bringing equality to all citizens

Second Inaugural Address

• March 4, 1865

• discussed his views on slavery and expressed hope for healing and unity after Civil War

• argued that the conflict had been a punishment from God for the sin of slavery

54th Massachusetts Regiment

• one of the first official African American units in the United States during the Civil War

• They were known for their bravery and courage

• Fort Wagner.

Reconstruction

• 3 main issues

• date

• consequences

• 4 reconstruction plans

• 3 main issues

  • what to do w former confederates

  • what to do w formerly enslaved ppl

  • should congress or president be in charge of deciding #1 and #2

• 1865-1877

• enormous political changes:

  • fed gov more powerful, protected rights of citizens in new ways (ex. 13-15th amendments)

• 4 reconstruction plans

  • Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan

  • Congress and Wade-Davis Reconstruction plan

  • Johnson’s Reconstruction plan

  • Congressional Radical Republican Reconstruction

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

• aka

• regarding confederates

• regarding state gov

• opposition

• aka 10% plan, Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

•  Full presidential pardons would be granted to most Confederates who

  • took an oath of allegiance to the Union/US Constitution

  • accepted the emancipation of slaves.

• A state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the United States president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath

• Republicans, congress

Congress and Wade-Davis Reconstruction Plan

• Congress passed what

• how is it different from 10% plan

• opposition

• 1864 Congress passed Wade-Davis plan

• more demanding/stringent than 10% plan

  • 50% of state voters should take loyalty oath

  • only non-Confederates can vote for a new state constitution

• Lincoln

Johnson Reconstruction plan

• Andrew Johnson elected after Lincoln’s assassination

• 1865, started Presidential Reconstruction:

  • South was allowed to reenter the Union with ratification of the 13th amendment

  • allowed to pass Black Codes

• Opposition

  • Congressional Radical Republican Reconstruction

Black Codes

• 5 codes

• purpose

• Laws passed to restrict African Americans

• five codes

  • Prohibited renting land/borrowing money to buy land

  • Placed freedmen into a form of semi-bondage by forcing them to sign work contracts

  • Prohibited testifying against whites in court

  • Most codes made black unemployment a crime

  • Others limited the occupations that they could have to include servants or laborers only.

Congressional Radical Republican Reconstruction

• Opposition

• rejected Johnson’s plans, passed numerous laws over his veto

• Civil Rights Act of 1866: declared all people born in the US citizens and deserving of equal rights

• Plan:

  • Placed the South under military occupation, dividing the former Confederate states into five military districts, each under the control of the Union army

  • States had to ratify the 14th Amendment to be readmitted

  • Placed guarantees in its constitution for granting franchise to all adult males regardless of race. 

Johnson’s Impeachment

• Johnson was obstacle to enforcing congressional reconstruction

• Johnson began dismissing officeholders sympathizing radical reconstruction

• Congress responded by limiting presidential authority over Reconstruction matters

  • The Tenure of Office Act: required Senate approval for the removal of Cabinet officers and other officials whose appointment needed the consent of the Senate

• Johnson tried to discharge Edwin Stanton (secretary of war, only radical in cabinet)

• House overwhelmingly voted to impeach Johnson

Failure of Reconstruction

• Undermining of 13th, 14th, 15th amendments

• 13th Amendment

  • Convict Leasing: gov lease prisoners → priv businesses/individuals use prisoners as laborers

  • Sharecropping

  • Black Codes/Jim Crow Laws

• 14th Amendment

  • Munn v. Illinois: 4th Amendment rights only applied to federal citizenship (not state)

  • US v. Cruikshank: protection of civil rights was primarily the responsibility of the states

• 15th Amendment

  • KKK

  • Poll taxes

  • Literacy

Scalawags/Carpetbaggers

• Scalawags: white Southerners who cooperated with Northern Republicans during Reconstruction

• Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War during Reconstruction to profit from the unstable situation

Ulysses S. Grant

• presidency characterized by what

• scandals (4)

• corrupt business bosses/political bosses, corruption everywhere

  • Wallstreet financiers: Jay gould/James Fisk, obtained the help of Grant’s brother-in-law in a scheme to corner the gold market

  • Credit Mobilier Affair: insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of the profits they were making

  • Whiskey Ring: federal revenue agents conspired with the liquor industry to defraud the government of millions in taxes

  • Grant’s secretary of war was impeached by the House

End of Reconstruction

• reason for failure

• what compromise

• Reason for failure: South resisted, North got sick of having to enforce it/protect Black rights

• Ended with Compromise of 1877

Compromise of 1877

• settled what dispute

• what did it do

• ended what

• unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election

• resulted in Republican Rutherford B. Hayes being awarded the presidency in exchange for removing federal troops from Southern states

• ended reconstruction

Geographic changes in 1844-1877

• National (3)

• Regional (main idea, 3 examples)

National

• increased its global connections

• expand its influence in the Western Hemisphere

• became a popular place for people to migrate from other countries

  • Example: California Gold Rush, Irish in cities, German in rural areas

Regional

• Manifest Destiny

  • Examples:

  • Mexican-American War

  • Gadsden Purchase

  • Purchase of Alaska

Ideological changes 1844-1877

• National (main idea, 4 examples)

• Regional (main idea, 2 examples)

National

• Rights of Citizens: Different views on slavery caused Americans in the North/South to have varying reactions.

  • Examples:

  • Compromise of 1850

  • Kansas-Nebraska Act

  • Dred Scott vs Sanford

  • American Civil War

Regional

• Causes of Civl War: Debates on slavery became the main topic

  • King Cotton vs. Industrialization in politics, leading to the heated election of 1860

  • Election of 1860: a bitterly contested election where Lincoln's victory in the election was seen as a threat by the Southern states, which led to their secession

Political Changes 1844-1877

National

• Union Victory: The North won the Civil War due to its greater manpower and industry, strong leadership and the freeing of slaves. → ended slavery, changed relationships between the states and federal government → discussions about citizenship rights for African Americans/women/other minorities.

  • Examples:

    • Emancipation Proclamation

    • 13th Amendment

    • 14hth Amendment

    • 15th Amendment

Regional

• Impact of Reconstruction: The Union's victory in the Civil War and the rebuilding of the South settled the questions of slavery and Southern independence, but many questions about federal government power and citizenship rights remained unresolved.

  • Examples:

    • Reconstruction Acts

    • 14th Amendment

    • impeachment of President Andrew Johnson