CHEM255 Gases and First Law of Thermodynamics
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29 Terms
Boyle’s Law
pressure and volume are inversely related.
Charles’ Law
temperature and volume are directly proportional.
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain the same number of particles.
Ideal Gas Law
the relationship PV = nRT, which describes the behavior of an ideal gas.
Dalton’s Law
the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the individual pressures (Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3…).
Partial pressure of a gas
proportion of pressure of entire gas that is due to presence of the individual gas.
Compressibility factor
Z = PV/RT
Van der Waal’s Equation of State
used to correct the Ideal Gas Law for intermolecular attractions (a) and molecular volume (b).
Open system
a system in which matter can enter from or escape to the surroundings.
Closed system
a system in which no matter is allowed to enter or leave.
Isolated system
a system that can exchange neither energy nor matter with its surroundings.
Surroundings
everything outside the system.
Adiabatic
no heat transfer (q = 0).
Heat vs. temperature
Heat: a specific form of energy that can enter or leave a system (process function).
Temperature: a measure of the kinetic energy of the particles in a system.
Reversible process
a process that can be reversed in infinitesimal increments such a manner that both the system and the surroundings return to their initial conditions.
Internal energy
the total energy stored in the atoms and molecules within a substance.
State function
a function that depends only on the initial and final states of a system, not on the path in between.
First Law of Thermodynamics
energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
System
a part of the universe on which you focus your attention.
Mechanical surroundings
a part of the universe that can undergo a change through motion.
Thermal surroundings
everything else in the universe that might undergo a temperature change.
Work done by the system
-W
Work done on the system
+W
Heat leaving a system
-Q
Heat entering a system
+Q
Isochoric process
constant volume (ΔV = 0)
Isobaric process
constant pressure (ΔP = 0)
Isothermal process
constant temperature (ΔT = 0)
Work
exchange of energy due to a pressure difference or other mechanical change in the surroundings.