CAPE CHEMISTRY MODULE 1

Observation

Gathering data and making observations to identify patterns or phenomena that require explanation.

Hypothesis Formation

Formulating a hypothesis to provide a preliminary explanation of the observed phenomena.

Testing

Conducting experiments or further observations to test the hypothesis against empirical evidence.

Peer Review

Submitting findings to the scientific community for scrutiny and validation.

Reproducibility

Ensuring that results can be consistently reproduced by other researchers under similar conditions.

Acceptance

If a theory withstands rigorous testing and peer review, it may be accepted as a valid explanation of the phenomena.

Dalton's Theory

Proposed by John Dalton; states all matter is made up of atoms, atoms of a given element are identical, compounds are formed by combining atoms, and chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms.

Atomic Structure

The atomic structure consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in various energy levels.

Nucleus

The central part of the atom, consisting of protons and neutrons.

Protons

Positively charged particles that determine the atomic number of an element.

Neutrons

Neutral particles that contribute to the atomic mass but do not affect the charge.

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that occupy electron shells or energy levels around the nucleus.

Energy Levels

Electrons are arranged in specific layers, each holding a certain maximum number of electrons.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus, representing the mass of the atom.

Isotopes

Variants of a chemical element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Relative Atomic Mass

The mass of an atom compared to the mass of an atom of carbon-12, assigned a mass of exactly 12 amu.

Isotopic Mass

The mass of a single atom of an isotope, expressed in atomic mass units (amu).