History Exam 3

Aeneas

Son of a mortal man and goddess Aphrodite

Originally from Troy, Greece

Founded Italy

Romulus and Remus

Sons of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars. Are put in basket and sent down the river because the king (their uncle) is afraid of them. Grow up and go back to take the throne.

Romulus and Remus want to find a city, but can’t agree on where.

Romulus kills Remus

Rome was founded

April 21, 753 BC by Romulus who declared himself king

Heavily influenced by Greek culture (religion, architecture, and literacy)

7 Kings of Ancient Rome

Romulus

Numa Pomilius

Tullus Hostilius

Ancus Marcius

Tarquin the Elder

Servius Tulius

Tarquin the Proud

Romulus

1st king of Rome

Creates militaristic city for anyone to come and settle.

Establishes the Monarchy

Faced with two problems: hardly had any citizens for his new city and had no women. Without women, the city of Rome had no future

The Rape of the Women of Sabine

Rome incites his neighbors, the Sabines, to a religious festival and during the festival his men kidnapped all the unmarried women who were in attendance and made them their wives

The Roman Military

Army was broken down into groups of 5,000 legions of heabily armed foot soldiers known as infantry.

Each legion divided into 80 men called century

All citizens who owned land required to serve at least 10 years

Language of Ancient Rome

2 languages: Latin (main) and Greek

Tarquin the Proud

7th and last king of Rome

A tyrant (violent, power hungry, didn’t care about his people)

Tarquin’s son raped a woman who committed suicide and her family runs them out of Rome.

Ends the Roman monarchy in 509 BC

New Roman Government after the Monarchy

Res Publica (the public thing)

Roman senate; an assembly of elected magistrates not citizens, very powerful

Roman Social Hierarchy

Patricians (Equestrians), Plebeians, Freemen, Slaves

Patricians

wealthy, ruling class, more rights, veto power, decendents of founding fathers

Plebeians

Made up 95% of the Roman citizens. Farm owners, little rights, no say in government, no veto power

Struggle of the Orders

Lasted 494 to 287 BC

Plebians and patricians fought over who held authority.

Not written law

450 BC; 12 tables of law was completed

Familia

patriarchal

Male head of the household or pater families,

held complete authority over the entire familia,

possessed the patria potestas or paternal power which is the subject of the 4 of the 12 tables of law.

consisted of an entire household included various aunts, uncles, nephews, nieces, cousins, concubines, slaves, and house servants

Punic Wars

a series of 3 wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC

Causes of the Punic Wars

Began as an internal dispute between two kingdoms living on the island of Sicily (the Messina and Syracuse)

Each kingdom wanted control of Sicily

Messina reached out to Rome

Syracuse reached out to Carthage

Carthage and Rome were already at odds due to trade

(Carthage was a sea power and Rome was a land power)

Second Punic War Causes

Siege of Saguntum (captured by Hannical in 219)

Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps

Consequences of the Punic Wars

The city of Rome grew

Widening gap between the rich and the poor

Large population of slaves

Emergence of Graeco-Roman Civilization

Roman Religion (Mythology)

Rome was polytheistic

Jupiter (Zeus)

Juno (Hera)

Venus (Aphrodite)

Mars (Ares)

Neptune (Poseidon)

Diana (Artemis)

Ceres (Demeter)

Mercury (Hermes)

Vulcan (Hephastus)

Minerva (Athena)

Pluto (Hades)

Gracchus Brothers

Tiberius: Proposed land that Rome acquired from conquest should be given to citizens who didn’t have land

Gaius: Continued his brothers work but extends it to those who struggle with the Senate. Gaius is killed as well.

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Ended the Spartacus Rebellion

Mentored Julius Caesar

Roman general

Pompey the Great

Formed the First Triumvirate with Crassus and Julius Caesar

Military Leader (General)

Credit for ending the Spartacus Rebellion

Gets Murdered in Egypt

Julius Caesar

Formed the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus

Champion of the People. Supports their rights, came from a humble background.

Became dictator of Rome in 46 BC

Forgets about the Senate. Gets stabbed 23 times by the Senate on March 15, 44BC.

FIrst Triumvirate

Bring stability back to Rome

An uneasy alliance between 3 very influential Romans from 60 BC to 53 BC

Julius Caesar

Pompey

Crassus

Second Triumvirate

Formed to hunt the men who killed Julius Caesar.

Octavian

Antony

Lepidus

The End of the Second Triumvirate

Kick Lepidus out of the Triumvirate

As a result, the Roman empire gets divided between Antony and Octavian

Octavian had the east and Antony the west

Battle of Actium

Antony divorces Octavian’s sister because of Cleopatra and causes war. 

Octavian leads forces to Egypt

As a result, Octavian wins the battle due to Antony’s man having lack of supplies

Causes of the Fall of the Roman Republic

Economic Problems and Corruption

powerful Private Armies

Political Division and Civil Unrest

Rise of Strongmen

Augustus

Rules from 31 BC to 14 AD

During this time, Rome will experience Pax Romana

23 BC, he granted the power of a tribune which allowed him to propose laws and veto any law he saw fit

Pax Romana

Peace of Rome

27 BC to 180 AD

Lasts for 200 years

Constitutional order Augustus created

The princeps (Augustus)

An aristocratic senate

Roman army under Augustus

established the Praetorian guard which was an imperial bodyguard of elite troops

Nine cohorts of elite troops (roughly 9,000 men)

Mare Nostrum

Our sea, refers to the Mediterranean sea

Romanization

Under Augustus, securing a new territory started with “Romanizing: its institutions and trade, reinstalling local rulers as representatives of the Roman empire and then left.

Virgil

Roman poet who wrote Aeneid

Livy

A historian

Wrote on the history of Rome

Death of Augustus

Died in 14 AD

Rome endured a 200-year period of peace

succeeded by his stepson Tiberius

Vespasian

Established the Flavian Dynasty (69-96 AD)

Construction of the Colosseum began during his reign.

Causes of the Crisis of the Third Century

Brought and end of Pax Romana

1. Tiber flooded

2. Famine

3. Plague (worst caused 5,000 per day in Rome to die)

4. Death of Marcus Aurelius

5. No Clear Succession after the death of Commodus

6. Internal Problems (decline in trade, problem in currency, farms bad)

7. Christianity

8. Barbarians

Commodus

son of Marcus Aurelius

poor leader

immature

assassinated in 192 AD

Dioocletian

Peasant background

Restucted the Roman Empire

Instituted a tetrarchy or rule of four in 304 AD

Rules the eastern half

Constantine

306-337

Also known as Constantine the Great

First Roman Emperor who was a Christian

Issued the Edict of Milan in 313 AD

Summoned Council of Nicaea

Baptized on his deathbed

Council of Nicaea

An ecumenical gathering of Christian bishops that met from 323-325 AD to discuss Arius’s teachings. St. Nicholas slaps Arius

More than 300 bishops.

Niceene Creed created from this council.

Arius

A priest whose teachings gave rise to a theological doctrine known as Arianism. Questioning the divinity of the Holy Trinity.

Angered Constantine

Patria Potestas

Paternal power which is the subject of the 4 of the 12 tables of Law

Paternal power/authority

Men held complete authority over the entire family. 

Could sell kids into slavery and determine who got what education

Hannibal

Crossing of the Alps to surprise Rome

had 50,000 men, 9,0000 calvary, and 60 elephants

Great military leader

Commits suicide before Rome can reach him

Third Punic War

Rome did not know what to do with the soldiers so they raged war against Philip V of Macedonia.

Carthage asks Rome for help.

Siege of Carthage

Greek Influence on Roman Culture

Arts

History

Implementing otium or leisure

Religion

Marius and Sulla

Marius: member of the Roman army who was elected consul in 107 BC

Sulla: a member of the nobiles had been made consul in 88 BC

Causes of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire

Christianity

Traditional Rome values decline

Poisoning from lead cups caused mental decline

Plague

The Roman army in the west was not cut out to ward off barbarians that invaded Italy and Gaul

Etruscans

Neighboring group of people in the North

Introduced the Gladiator games to Rome

Some Etruscans served as rulers of Rome (Tarquin the Proud)

Lucius Brutus

part of the group of people that kicked out the Tarquin family.

Co-founder of the next government of Rome- Roman Republic

Freedmen

Once slaves and now free from their masters. Little to no rights.

Became merchants, traders, craftsmen

Equestrians

Wealthy but not as wealthy as the patricians

Latifundia

Group of slaves who worked on large estates in ancient Rome

Spartacus

Gladiator slave who escaped and led a revolt against Rome.

Senate

Elected people who were very powerful and wealthy citizens that gather to dicate how Rome should function during the res publica

12 Tables of Law

Written to help everyone remain under the same laws of the land. Breaks down democracy in the executive, legislative, and judicial