Lesson 3.2: Science of Radiology

Radiation

The energy that comes from a source and travels through space and may be able to penetrate various materials.

Particle

Waves

Form of Radiation

Ionizing

Non-Ionizing

Two types of Radiation

Non-ionizing

Light radio, and microwaves are types of radiation that are called ___. 

Non penetrating

Non-ionizing waves are ____

Non-ionizing

Not capable of taking electrons from atoms

Ionizing

Produced by unstable atoms.

Penetrating

Ionizing waves are ____ waves

Ionizing

Capable of removing atoms from electron. 

Produces ion pairs (cation, anion) 

Rays interact with electrons

Frequency

higher ___\ = more penetration

Electromagnetic Radiation

Particulate Radiation

Two kinds of radiation

Gamma rays

Originates in the nucleus

X-rays

Come from the electron part of the atom

Particulate Radiation

Alpha particles, beta particles & neutrons 

Has charge and mass

Alpha Rays

Heavy in mass, cannot penetrate through most objects

Beta rays (negatrons or positrons)

Can penetrate paper but not aluminum sheet

Neutron rays

Free neutron

Radiation

In order to reach stability, these atoms give off, or emit, the excess energy or mass. These emissions are called .

Particulate

mass given off with the energy of motion

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Various radiation from non-ionizing to ionizing

Radiowaves

• Longest wavelength, lowest frequency 

• Most commonly used in communication and radios

Radiation

In order to reach stability, these atoms give off, or emit, the excess energy or mass. These emissions are called ___.

Food

Long microwaves

Remote

Short microwaves

Infrared

Commonly found from heat-sensing detectors

Most commonly emitted by a hot or arm object

Weather, Temperature

Near

Mid

Far

Three Types of infrared DEPENDING on its proximity to visible light 

Visible light

These are the only waves that we can see with our naked eye 

Includes the roygbiv 

Commonly found in photography, displays, and lighting rooms 

Ultraviolet rays

• These are rays most commonly produced by the sun 

Near

Far

Extreme

Three types of ultraviolet rays DEPENDING on proximity next to X-rays 

Non ionizing

Near and Far UV are

Ionizing

Extreme UV is

X-ray

• Commonly used in imaging 

• Form of invisible, high energy electromagnetic radiation that can pass through the body to create images of bones, organs, and tissues.

Straight line

X-rays travel in a

No

Does x-ray have mass and charge?

Absorption

Scattering

Transmission

THREE WAYS AN X-RAY CAN MOVE WHICH CREATES A RADIOGRAPH

Absorption

X-rays are absorbed by dense objects (mas siksik atoms)  like bones. 

White parts

Absorption creates what parts in xray

Scattering

X-rays are dispersed from the body, stray rays.

Foggy parts

Sharpness

Scattering produces _____ in an X-ray, which causes ____

Transmitted

When X-rays travel through less dense objects, which means it can pass through it and onto the black, photographic paper. 

Black parts

Trasmission creates _ parts

Gamma rays

Used for radiation therapy and nuclear energy

Has multi million volts

Radiation

Can be also produced by high-voltage devices 

Can be manmade 

Atoms with unstable nuclei are said to be radioactive.

In order to reach stability, these atoms give off, or emit, the excess energy or mass.

Man-made

Naturally occuring

Two ways radioactive elements are made

Man made

• Nuclear Powerplants 

• Nuclear weapons, medicines, and radiation therapy 

• Radioactive elements’ protons are bashed together by a Hadron Collider to create new radioactive elements 

Naturally Occuring

Interestingly, there is a “background” of natural radiation everywhere (ubiquitous) in our environment. 

Ubiquitous background radiation

comes from space. (i.e., cosmic rays) and from naturally occurring radioactive materials contained in the earth and in living things.

Cosmic background radiation

• Radiation received by the earth from outer space.

• Higher dose in relation to altitude

Terrestrial Background radiation

• Radiation from the earth’s crusts.

Medical imaging tests

• non-invasive procedures that allow doctors to diagnose diseases and injuries without being intrusive. Some of these tests involve exposure to ionizing radiation which can present risks to patients;

One and more

Most people have had medical imaging tests

Contrast studies

• Make patients drink a pill to see if there's contrast 

• Ionated contrast agents (water soluble)

Barium Sulfate

Compound used in contrast studies

Imaging Procedures

Are medical tests that allow doctors to see inside the body in order to diagnose

Contrast studies

Organs -

Injection

Blood vessels -

MRI

Tissues -

X-ray and CT scan

Bones -

Medical Imaging

• Obtain a better view of organs, blood vessels, tissues, and bones.

• Determine whether surgery is a good treatment option.

• Guide medical procedures involving placements of catheters, stents, or other devices inside the body, locate tumors for treatment and locate blood clots or other blockages.

• Guide joints replacement options and treatment of fractures.

Radiographic image

Created by passing an x-ray beam through the patient and interacting with an image receptor, such as film-screen or digital systems

Interventional radiology

Diagnostic Radiology

Therapeutic Radiology

Radiology may be divided into three different areas

Diagnostic Radiology

To diagnose or assess the patient's disease or condition

Interventional Radiology

Intervening with normal diseases process to prevent it in getting worse

Interventional Radiology

The imaging is helpful to the doctor when inserting catheters, wires, and other small instruments and tools into your body.

Interventional Radiology

This typically allows for smaller incisions (cuts)

Therapeutic Radiology

Heals the patient

Used in radiation therapy with chemo 

Radiologists

Doctors who specializes in radiology

Takes 10 years

Fluoroscopy

Computed Tomography scan

X-Ray

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Nuclear Medicine

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

Ultrasound

Mammography

Radiation Therapy

The 9 different areas of Radiology

Fluoroscopy

Is a type of medical imaging that  a continuous X-ray image on a monitor, much like an X-ray movie.

Fluoroscopy

You can see the body parts moving, real time.

Fluoroscopy

Its x-ray source is from the bottom and its receptor is from the top (unlike x-ray)

C-arm

Equipment used in fluoroscopy

Computed Tomography Scan

An imaging method that uses x-rays to create pictures of cross-sections of the body

Computed Tomography Scan

like a loaf of bread because it produces images of slices

5-10 minutes

How many minutes for CT-scan?

Gantry

The hole in the middle of CT-Scan

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

____ scanners use strong magnetic fields and radio waves (radiofrequency energy) to make images.

Protons

The signal in an MR image comes mainly from the ____ in fat and water molecules in body.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Imaging procedure commonly used for Tissues

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Uses magnets to form images

The results depends in the water inside the body of the patient

Water X-ray

Another term for MRI

Bore

The hole in the middle of an MRI

15-20 minutes

How long does an MRI take?

Mammography

X-ray picture of Breasts

70-75

How many KVP does Mammograms use?

Digital Mammography

traditional Mammography

Types of Mammography

Nuclear Medicine

An imaging modality that involves injection, inhalation or injection of radioactive tracers to visualize various organs

Nuclear Medicine

The tracer or radiopharmaceutical is produced through addition of a radioactive isotope to a pharmaceutical specific to the organ being imaged

Nuclear Medicine

The radioactive tracer emits gamma radiation, which is then imaged using a gamma camera.

Gamma Camera

Nuke med uses ___, wherein gamma rays are produced by the patient.

Patient

Nuke med SOURCE OF RADIATION:

Radiopharmaceutical

which doctors injects to the patient, it is called

Technetium 99 (Tc99m)

Main isotope that is used for Nuclear Medicine

It is radioactive and emits radiation for 6 hours (constant)

Nuclear Medicine

High uptake of radiation in order to light up parts of the body with irregularities or abnormalities. 

Radiopharmaceutical

1. Radioactive Isotopes (Technetium 99 M)

2. Pharmaceutical Drug (medicine that brings the pharmaceuticals to organs.)

X rays

An machine sends individua _ particles through the body. The images are recorded on a computer or film.

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

• A type of imaging test. It uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease in the body.

Positron Emission Tomography Scan

This is different from MRI and CT scans. These tests show the structure of, and blood flow to and from organs

PET/CT

• Machines that combine the PET and CT images, called a ___\are commonly used.

Fluorodeoxyglucose (F18)

PET SCANS use radiopharmaceutical: