APUSH Period 4

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution" and fourth President of the United States.

universal franchise

The right of all adult citizens to vote at public elections without landowning requirements.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Louisiana Purchase

1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.

strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take

loose construction

a broad interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that Congress has powers beyond those explicitly enumerated in the Constitution

Chesapeake Affair

1807 - The American ship refused to allow the British to board to look for deserters. In response, the British ship fired on the American ship.

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

War Hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Henry Clay

Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser."

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier.

Francis Scott Key

United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812. The poem later became the Star Spangled Banner.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty that ended the War of 1812 and maintained prewar conditions

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson led a successful battle during the War of 1812, which had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. Victory made Jackson a hero.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Second Bank of the United States

This institution was chartered in 1816 under President Madison and became a depository for federal funds and a creditor for (loaning money to) state banks. It became unpopular after being blamed for the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption and mismanagement haunted it until its charter expired in 1836. Jackson fought against this institution throughout his presidency, proclaiming it to be an unconstitutional extension of the federal government and a tool that rich capitalists used to corrupt American society.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court ruling that established judicial review

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Supreme Court ruling based on Supremacy Clause; no state can tax institutions created by Congress - MD attempted to tax 2nd BUS

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Supreme Court case that established the Court's power to invalidate state laws contrary to the Constitution; in this case, the Court prevented Georgia from rescinding a land grant even though it was fraudulently made.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Supreme Court upheld broad congressional power to regulate interstate commerce. The Court's broad interpretation of the Constitution's commerce clause paved the way for later rulings upholding expansive federal powers.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson

12th Amendment (1804)

Changes procedure for electing President and Vice-President

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Democratic-Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Election of 1824

No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Maysville Road Veto

Veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky; this was a blow to Clay's American System.

King Jackson

nickname for Jackson; may people felt he was too powerful and acted like a tyrant

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Corrupt Bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)

Missouri Compromise of 1820

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)

Tariff of 1832

Lower than that tariff of 1828 but still above 1816 levels. Calhoun resigned as vice president and led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared the tariff laws null and void and unenforceable in state of South Carolina.

Force Bill

1833 - Authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. It was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the this act.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.

Second Great Awakening

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

Official name for the Mormons, religion founded first half of 19th century.

Transcendentalists

=Stressed intuition/instinct, emotionalism, feelings over reason and logic, spiritual enlightenment through Nature, rejection of materialism.

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Richard Allen

Founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church in 1816 as first independent black run Protestant church in US. AME Church was active in the promotion of abolition and the founding of educational institution for free blacks.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North.

Underground Railroad

A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of nineteenth-century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill.

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting in the Women's Rights movement.
Led to Declaration of Sentiments, all "men and women" are created equal.

Sarah Grimke

A woman who published a pamphlet arguing for equal rights of women called "Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women". She also argued for equal education opportunities.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, she organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

Samual Slater

Father of theAmerican Instructional Revolution, he brought new spinning technologies from Britain to the U.S.

interchangeable parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

Samuel Morse

invented the telegraph in 1844

Cyrus Field

American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the mechanical reaper

Cumberland Road

A national road that stretched from Maryland to Illinois. It was the first national/interstate highway, and it was a milestone for the eventual connection of all the states by highways, thus increasing trade.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship.

Lowell System

Developed in the textile mills of Massachusetts, in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the process, and the workers were almost all single young farm women, who worked for a few years and then returned home to be housewives.

Cult of Domesticity/True Womanhood

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Potato Famine

(1840s) one of the worst famines in modern history; Irish peasants relied on potatoes, but a plant fungus killed most of them → millions starved→ mass immigration to US, Canada, and Australia

Lewis and Clark

Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

Trail of Tears

The forced removal of Cherokees and their transportation to Oklahoma

Necessary Evil

A common view of slavery in the South that while morally wrong, slavery was a necessity for the greater good to result.

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

The Liberator

Anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Sojourner Truth

Former slave who became an abolitionist and women's rights activist

Positive Good

An argument used by slavery supporters claiming slavery had benefits for the slaves as well as the United States.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.