Chapter 1 - Vertebrates

Classifications, phylogenetics, taxonomic methods, species concepts

actinopterygii

ray finned fishes

sarcopterygii

lobe-finned fishes

cyclostomata

jawless vertebrates (ex: hagfishes, lampreys)

gnathostomata

jawed vertebrates (ex: ratfishes, sharks, rays)

osteichthyes

bony fishes (ex: gars, bowfin)

sarcopterygii

lobe finned (ex: coelacanths, lungfishes)

lissamphibia

amphibians (ex: frogs, salamanders)

amniota (amniotes)

defined by an amniotic egg (ex: birds, humans)

non-amniotes

embryos enclosed by maternal membranes (ex: frogs, fish)

amniotes

amniotic egg with extra-embryonic membranes (ex: humans, chickens)

taxonomy

science of describing/classifying organisms

systematics

study of evolutionary relationships

who is the father of taxonomy and what did he introduce?

carl (carolus) linneaus, introduced binomial nomenclature (genus species)

linnean hierarchy (in order)

1) domain
2) kingdom
3) phylum
4) class
5) division
6) order (-iformes)
7) suborder (-iodei)
8) family (-idae)
9) subfamily (-inae)
10) genus
11) species

naming rules for genus

italicized and capitalized

naming rules for species

italicized and lowercase

law of priority

oldest species name after 1758 takes precedence

morphometrics taxonomic method

measurable traits (lengths, ratios)

meristics taxonomic method

countable traits (scales, fins, vertebrae)

anatomical taxonomic method

skeleton, soft anatomy, sexual traits

color patterns taxonomic method

only reliable permanent ones (spots, stripes)

molecular taxonomic method

DNA, protein electrophoresis, chromosome counts

morphospecies concept

based on physical traits

biological species concept

interbreeding, reproductively isolated groups

phylogenetic species concept

smallest group of organisms that share a common ancestor and have unique traits that set them apart from others

synapomorphies

shared, new traits that evolved in a group and set it apart

symplesiomorphies

shared, old traits that were already present before the group split

homoplasy

similar traits that evolved independently, not from a common ancestor (ex: like wings in bats and insects)

monophyletic group

a group that includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants (a whole branch of the tree)

paraphyletic group

a group that includes a common ancestor but not all descendants

the _____ lineage of vertebrates includes the modern mammals

synapsid

a ____ trait is a countable structure

meristic

the ____ refers to jawed vertebrates

gnathostomata

the _____ states that the oldest species name after 1758 has priority

law of priority

an _____ has an egg with extra-embryonic membranes produced by the embryo

amniote

the majority of modern bony fishes are found in the ____

telostei

a ____ trait is a measurable structure

morphogenic

lobe-finned fishes, like the lungfish, belong to the ____ group

sarcopterygii

although 97% of all water is found in the oceans, only ____ of fishes are marine

58%