Ch. 16: Respiratory Physiology

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Name a few organs?? the respiratory system consists of

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Biology

67 Terms

1

Name a few organs?? the respiratory system consists of

  • Oral and nasal cavities

  • Lungs (tubes that lead to lungs)

  • Chest Structures

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2

Two actions of the respiratory system (intake and out take of what?)

  • Intakes O2 for delivery to the blood

  • Eliminates CO2 from the blood

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3

What is Ventilation?

Mechanical process that moves air into and out of lungs (think *air vent)

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4

What is Gas Exchange?

Exchange of gases between the air and blood in the lungs, and between blood and other tissues of the body

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5

What is Oxygen Utilization?

Use of oxygen in cell respiration

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6

Name the 6 parts in the respiratory system

  • Nose/Mouth

  • Pharynx (throat)

  • Larynx (voicebox)

  • Trachea (windpipe)

  • Bronchus

  • Lung

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7

Name and state the order of the parts within the Lungs:

Left/Right Primary bronchi -----> bronchioles -----> terminal bronchioles -----> respiratory bronchioles -----> alveolar ducts ----- alveolar sacs

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8

What are the three parts within the Upper Airways?

  • Nose/mouth

  • Pharynx

  • Larynx

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9

What's within the conducting zone?

All structures through which air passes before reaching the respiratory zone

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10

3 actions of the conducting zone

  • CONDUCTS air to the respiratory zone

  • warms and humidifies inspired air

  • filters and cleans air

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11

What is the Respiratory Zone?

Region where gas exchange occurs, comprising the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs

(think *respiratory zone COMPRISES respiratory bronchioles)

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12

The _______ zone transports air to the ______ zone

conducting; respiratory

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13

How many alveolar sacs does most gas exchange occur in?

8 million

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14

______ and ______ have rings of cartilage

trachea; bronchi

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15

What are bronchioles surrounded by?

Smooth muscle

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16

What determines how easily airflow can occur?

The relaxation/contraction of smooth muscle lining the airways (bronchodilation vs. bronchoconstriction)

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17

Where is the intrapleural space (pleural cavity) located?

Between the parietal and visceral pleura (epithelial membrane)

think *VIP:

  • V.isceral

  • I.ntrapleural

  • P. Parietal

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18

What does intrapleural space contain?

A thin layer of fluid that acts a lubricant

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19

What are the 4 protective mechanisms?

  1. Nasal hairs/Mucus

  2. Mucus escalator

  3. Bronchoconstriction

  4. Macrophages

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20

Nasal hairs and mucus...

trap particles

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21

Mucus escalator...

keeps lungs clear (ciliated cells in airways carry mucus and particulate matter into the pharynx to be swallowed)

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22

Bronchoconstriction

  • responds to irritation

  • prevents particulate matter from entering alveoli

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23

Macrophages

  • (WBCs) in airways and alveoli engulf/destroy inhaled particles and bacteria

*protections us from infections

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24

Air _____ moves from ___ pressure region to ____ pressure region

passively; high; low

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25

What is the movement determined by? (continuing from last question)

Intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures

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26

Intra-alveolar Pressure = ? = ?

Palv = pressure inside lungs

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27

Atmospheric Pressure = ? = ?

Patm = 760 mmHg at sea level

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28

If Palv < Patm, what occurs?

Inspiration (air moves into lungs where pressure is lower)

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29

If Palv > Patm, what occurs?

Expiration (air moves out of lungs)

*think expiration = exhalation

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30

What determines the pressure in lungs?

  • Volume of lungs (Boyle's Law: P1V1 = P2V2)

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31

Increase lung volume ______ Palv, resulting in ______

reduces; inspiration

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32

Decreased lung volume _______ Palv, resulting in _____

increases; expiration

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33

What is inspiration?

Movement of air from external environment through airways into alveoli during breathing; inhalation

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34

What occurs during inspiration?

  • Parasternal & external intercostals contracts

  • Diaphragm contracts and is lowered

  • Lung volume increases which decreases Palv

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35

What is expiration?

Movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment during breathing; exhalation

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36

What occurs during expiration?

  • Inspiration muscles relaxes

  • Diaphragm relaxes

  • Lung volume decreases

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37

Tidal Volume:

The amount of air moved in or out of the airways in a single breathing cycle

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38

Inspiratory/Expiratory reserve volumes:

The additional volume that can be inspired or expired

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39

The Tidal Volume, Inspiratory and Expiratory quantities sum to the lung's ______.

Vital capacity

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40

Residual Volume

The amount of air that must remain in the lungs to prevent alveolar collapse

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41

What is alveoli?

Clusters of epithelium-lined air sacs

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42

What does each clustered alveoli include in regards to blood vessels?

An abundance of pulmonary capillaries

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43

Why does aveoli having pulmonary capillaries so important... what does it allow?

  • It assures that the ventilated air is within range to the "pulmonary" blood

  • It allows efficient gas exchange between the air and the body

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44

Type 1 alveolar cells:

form most of the epithelium

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45

Type 2 Alveolar Cells:

secrete a detergent-like substance called surfactant

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46

What does surfactant do?

Decreases surface tension in alveoli to prevent alveolar collapse

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47

Partial Pressure

pressure of each individual gas

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48

Oxygen from alveoli...

moves into capillaries -----> transports to tissues -----> enters ISF -----> enters cell

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49

Carbon dioxide from the cell...

enters ISF ---> then capillaries ---> transports to alveoli by the bloodstream

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50

In regards to partial pressures of gases, what occurs in the lungs?

The concentration gradients favors inward (toward blood) diffusion of oxygen and the outward (toward alveolar air) diffusion of carbon dioxide

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51

State what happens during Neural Control of Respiration

Motor neurons cyclically stimulate skeletal muscle contraction/relaxtion

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52

What chemoreceptors are in the Chemical Control of Respiration?

  • Peripheral chemoreceptors in heart

  • Central chemoreceptors in medulla oblongata of brain

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53

What is the main function for chemical control of respiration?

detects changes in PO2, PCO2, [H+] to keep them constant

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54

What serves as a buffer for H+?

Bicrabonate (HCO3-)

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55

Hypoventilation =

Dcecrease/Inadequate ventilation

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56

Hyperventilation =

Increased ventilation

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57

What occurs during HYPOventilation?

  • PCO2 increases

  • reaction proceeds to the right, pH decreases

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58

What occurs during HYPERventilation?

  • PCO2 decreases

  • reaction proceeds to left, pH increases

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59

What causes PCO2 to increase in the cells of the body?

Metabolic processes in the cells

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60

What "informs" the respiratory center to increase the rate of ventilation?

Chemoreceptors that responds to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood and resulting decreased pH

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61

How much mL of O2 does blood carry?

20 mL of O2 per 100 mL of blood

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62

State the percentages of blood in regards to O2 Transport in blood

  • 1.5% is dissolved as a gas in plasma and RBCs

  • 98.5% is bound to hemoglobin in RBCs

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63

Hemoglobin molecule:

4 globins bound to 4 hemes

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64

What is in the center of each heme

One atom of iron that can combine with one O2 molecule

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65

Where does the loading and unloading of O2 occur?

Loading = pulmonary capillaries unloading = Systemic capillaries

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66

State the percentages in regards to CO2 transport in blood?

  • 10% dissolved as a gas in plasma and RBCs

  • 20% as a carbaminohemoglobin

  • 70% is tranported as HC03-

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67

What happens to ventilation during exercise?

  • Increases to keep up w/ increased metabolism so oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH remain constant

  • Increase O2 delivery to skeletal muscles

  • PCO2 decreases while pH increases

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