History 3 Test 1

Philosopher of Capitalism

Adam Smith

Philosopher of Communism

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Philosopher of Socialism

Fourier and Saint-Simon

Factors of Production of Capitalism

privately owned, money is invested in business to make a profit, 3 laws of self-interest (competition and supply and demand), laissex-faire

Factors of Production of Socialism

some are publicly owned for well-fare of all

Factors of Production of Communism

all production controlled by the government

What is the Agricultural Revolution?

the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain due to increases in labor and land productivity between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries.

How is the Agricultural Revolution related to industrialization in Great Britain?

-population rise-more food=more people

-less people need to work farms so people could work in factories

Why did Great Britain industrialize first? What made it ripe for this massive change in the economy?

The agricultural revolution, natural resources (coal,water), political stability (no wars go gov.), entrepreneurs (people with money invest in business), investment by the government in infrastructure (improved roads and canals), new technology, (textile industry, flying shuttle, spinning jenny)

In what ways could it be argued that the invention of the steam engine was the most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution

more efficient hands free power, trains, resulted in the creation of semi-automated factories, and it increased goods production in places where water power was not available

Why were some nations slow to industrialize?

In places like Austria-Hungary there was not an abundance of coal like in Great Britain, and there was a lot of mountainous landscape that prevented the transportation of coal. Similarly, Spain lacked coal as well as good roads and water ways like canals meaning there also wasn’t any way to transport goods like coal

Crop Rotation

the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequence of growing seasons. This practice reduces the reliance of crops on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, along with the probability of developing resistant pests and weeds

Enclosure Movement

a push in the 18th and 19th centuries to take land that had formerly been owned in common by all members of a village, or at least available to the public for grazing animals and growing food, and change it to privately owned land, usually with walls, fences or hedges around it

Selective Breeding

the systematic breeding of animals in order to improve productivity and other key characteristics

Factors that allowed GB to industrialize

• efficient agriculture.

• coal as a cheap fuel.

• significant urbanisation.

• high cost of labour.

• intercontinental trade opportunities.

• government support of business.

• innovation and entrepreneurship

Spread of Industrialization in Europe

The development of trade and the rise of business were among the major causes of the Industrial Revolution. Developments in law also facilitated the revolution, such as courts ruling in favour of property rights, and industrialization started to spread to Europe in the first half of the 1800's, firstly to countries such as Belgium, Germany and France.

Effects of Industrialization for the middle class

-land owners used to be the richest

-factory owners got weathier

-social distinction divided

-large middle class

-consumer demand for more goods and services grew and business creation boomed to feed the demand

-prices up

Effects of Industrialization on Pollution

The growth of factories and demand for raw materials caused a significant amount of pollution. Factories released chemicals, smoke, and clouds of dust that polluted the air and posed a major health risk to those living in urban centers where factories were concentrated

Effects of Industrialization on Child Labor

Miserable working conditions including crowded and unclean factories, a lack of safety codes and long hours were the norm. Children could be paid less and were less likely to organize into unions. Working children were typically unable to attend school, creating a cycle of poverty that was difficult to break.

Effects of Industrialization on the Growth of Cities

caused towns to turn into cities, and existing cities to swell, both in terms of population—with new arrivals from Europe and rural areas of the United States—as well as their geographic footprint, now that they were home to factories and other buildings required in manufacturing.

Effects of Industrialization on Living Conditions

no development plans like sanitary codes or building codes, lacked housing, lived in dark dirty shelters, wide spread sickness, life span of 17 years for workers

Effects of Industrialization on Working Conditions

employees to many risks and dangers, including cramped work areas with poor ventilation, trauma from machinery, toxic exposures to heavy metals, dust, and solvents. low wages, dangerous, 14-18 hour shifts, child labor, 6 day workweek

Global effects of Industrialization

brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade. Managerial hierarchies also developed to oversee the division of labor.

trail of tears

he forced displacement of approximately 60,000 people of the "Five Civilized Tribes" between 1830 and 1850, and the additional thousands of Native Americans and their enslaved African Americans within that were ethnically cleansed by the United States government

industrialization effects on demand for materials

a new global division of labor emerged. Industrial societies needed raw materials from other lands, and there was a large demand for materials

industrialization effects on trade

sweeping changes in economic and social organization. These changes included a wider distribution of wealth and increased international trade

industrialization effects on standard of living

increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas.

factory acts of 1833

no child workers under nine years of age. employers must have an age certificate for their child workers. children of 9-13 years to work no more than nine hours a day.

reform act of 1867

enfranchises part of the urban male working class in England an Wales. it increased the number of men who could vote in elections

abolition of slavery

bill passed to end slave trade in 1807

abolished slavery in 1833 (england)

womens suffrage

factory work gave women more money then when at home, but they on made 1/3 as much as men so women formed unions

serfs in russia

Alexander II tried to to reform the feudal system by freeing serfs, but he required serfs to pay for their freedom which they couldnt do

opium wars

after loosing both opium wars against britain china began to think like russia about how to become a modern industrialized nation

Siam and Westernization

The two kings Mong Kut and Chulalongkorn, used international reform and diplomatic engagement to achieve this balance between local tradition and modern ideas