Parasites / Helminths and Protozoa

Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm)

fecal pollution of soil with eggs

intestinal nematodes

Ascaris lumbricoides

fecal pollution of soil with eggs

Enterobius Vermicularis (pinworm)

close contact → day care

Scotch tape test

Hookworms

1.) necator americanus → anemia, bare foot sand

2.) ancylostoma duodenale

3.) strongyloides sterocorlais → may live free

-Fecal pollution of soil with eggs

4.) trichinella spiralis → pigs and wild mammals → consumption of meat containing larvae

Wuchereria Bancrofti

mosquito bites → elephantiasis

River blindness → onchocerca volvulus

black flies → nodules spread all over body and into the eyes

Loa loa

1.) fly bite

2.) mangrove or deer flies

Dracunculus medinensis

ingest water containing cyclops

Schistosoma

1.) schistoma japonicum

2.) Schistosoma mansoni

3.) Schistoma haematobium

-ingestion of fresh water containing larval stage → snails

Opisthorchis sinensis

consumption of fish → snails, humans and fish

Paragonimus westermani

humans, mammals, snails and freshwater crabs

-consumption of crabs

Taenia saginata

cattle → consumption of undercooked or raw beef

tapeworm (largest)

Taenia solium

Consumption of undercooked or raw pork

Hymenolepis nana “dwarf”

tapeworm → undercooked meat

Echinococcus granuloses → doggy

canine feces → sheep herders

Dipyllobothrium latum “longest tapeworm”

causes B12 deficiency → consumption of undercooked or raw fish

Amebic dysentery

trophozoite

entamoeba histolytica

Colitis

trophozoite

balantidium coli

Naegleria fowleri

primary acute meningoencephalitis

trophozoite

Giardia lamblia

campers diarrhea

malabsorption, flagellates in stool

trophozoite

Trichomonas vaginalis

urethritis, vaginitis

trophozoite

Pneumocystis carinii (fungus)

opportunistic lung infection

trophozoite

AIDS, immunodepressed

Plasmodium Falciparum

1.) Malaria → mosquito spits a spirochete → liver turns it into merozoite → merozoite lyse RBC systematically

2.) malignant tertian malaria

3.) Anopheles mosquitos = vector

Babesia microti, bovis

babesiasis → similar to malaria in SS and Tx

Trypanosoma rhodesiense, ganiense, brucei

African sleeping sickness → Tsetse fly vector

CNS → deadly, Rhodesiense = most fatal, fast moving

Trypanosoma cruzi

1.) Chaga disease

2.) vector = Reduviid bug (kissing)

3.) affects heart, esophagus, colon - all become MEGA

Leishmania donovani

1.) Kala-azar → 75-95% fatal if untreated

2.) increased skin pigmentation, splenomegaly, decreases bone marrow

3.) vector = sand fly

leishmania tropica, mexicana, brasiliensis

cutaneous and mucocutaneous leismaniasis

vector = sand fly

Toxoplasma Gondii

1.) Toxoplasmosis → cat feces → could be fatal to fetus

2.) CNS, can cross placenta