Ch fun facts

boron

• only three covalent bonds

• boric acid kills ants

• borax is a detergent

nitrogen

• -3 - +5 oxidation state

• explosives, fertilizer, laughing gas, viagra, smog, preservatives

• ammonia made w haber process from H2 and N2 w low temp catalyst

carbon

• 3 allotropes

• C60 forms tubular and spherical structures

• graphite (sp2 hybridized)

• diamond (sp3 hybridized)

• CO3- inorganic form of C part of greenhouse gas

• CO2 is diprotic acid

• CaCO3 is limestone

phosphorous

• soap, toothpaste, fertilizer, and pesticides

• from Ca2(PO4)2 rock

• causes algal bloom and use discouraged for environmental impact

halides

• small radii

• high IE, EN

• form -1 anions

• oxides and hydrides are acidic

flourine

fluoride inserts instead of OH- in tooth enamel to protect against decay

chlorine

• manufactured as Cl2, strong oxidizing agent

• disinfectant

• PVC tubing

noble gases

• inert

• 2 to 8 e- in filled shells

• cryogens (He)

• inert gases (Ar)

• lights (Ne)

aluminum

• lightest metal commonly used in commercial applicaitons

• obtained through bayer process (aluminum oxide from bauxite rocks) and hall process (Al from aluminum oxide)

• ruby, sapphire, topaz

alkali metals

• large radii

• low IE, EN

• +1 cations

• oxide and hydride are basic

• metal displacement rxn w water: M + H2O →M+n + OH- + H2

• alkali metals react strong in H2O

• coinage metals Cu, Ag, Pt, Au don’t react in water

beryllium

• form covalent bond bc its small and ability to attract e-

calcium

building materials and teeth

magnesium 2+

• chlorophyll

• make molecule more rigid to permit e- transport for photosynthesis instead of energy loss through vibrations

bayer process

first step in making aluminum. bauxite rocks to aluminum oxide.

hall process

second step in creating aluminum. aluminum oxide to aluminum

claus process

first step which converts H2S to S through oxidation

contact process

second step which converts S to H2SO4 through oxidation

wet method

makes phosphoric acid from rock and H2O.

alkaline battery

primary, household

Zn/Hg Zn/Air

primary, hearing aids

li-ion

secondary, electronics/EVs

lead-acid

secondary, automobiles

NiCd

secondary, household

LiMH

secondary, household

haber process

ammonia is made from H2 and N2, low temp, and a catalyst

rust prevention methods

1. galvanization w Zn

2. sacrificial Mg Al electrodes

3. stainless steel w Cr, V added to Fe

4. waxing and cooling