Dollard & Miller

Early contributions of Pavlov

Classical conditioning (hungry dog salivating)

Early contributions of Watson

Father of behaviorism, Emphasize overt than covert behaviour

Early contributions of Thorndike

Law of effect (laws of learning)

Law of effect

when a behaviour is accompanied by satisfaction, it tends to happen again. If behaviour is accompanied by frustration it tends to decrease

Early contributions of Hull

Clarified drive reduction

Reinforcement theory of learning

Drive theory: stimulus which activates behaviour

What did Hull believe with respect to learning

learning occurs only if a response of an organism is followed by the reduction of some need or drive

Classical conditioning

neutral stimuli (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response until it become a CS that elicits a CR

Individuals behave in a way that

relieve the tension created by strong drives.

Dollard and Millers personality theory is a combination of what

Hull's reinforcement theory of learning and Freud's psychoanalytic theory

Emphasized the role of ______ in personality and placed less stress on personality __________

learning

structure

the structure of personality can be defined simply as

habit

Habit

learning association between a stimulus and response that makes them occur together frequently

Primary dynamic underlying personality and the acquisition of habits is

drive reduction

Drive

strong stimulation that produces discomfort

Reinforcers

any event that increases the likelihood of a particular response

Primary reinforcers

reduce primary drives such as food, water, sleep

T/F Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral

True

When do secondary reinforcers acquire a reward value

associated with primary reinforcers

Examples of secondary reinforcers

Money, mother's smile and word of praise

What are the primary forces that shape human behaviour?

Experience and Learning

Reduce primary drives

reflex responses and an innate hierarchy of responses

Reflex

automatic response to a specific stimuli

Hierarchy of response

tendency for certain responses to occur before others

Skinners POV

Radical behaviourism

Dollar, Milller and Skinner views have been applied in what areas?

education, psychotherapy, industry and corrections

Behaviour and learning theories have philosophical POV known as

Empiricism

Empiricism

all knowledge originates in experience

Behaviour and learning theories are largely base on

Experimental analysis of beahviour

Primary Drives

physiological processes that are necessary for survival

How are primary drives satisfied?

Through secondary drives

Secondary drives

learning on the basis of primary drives

Examples of secondary drives

Approval, affection, fear,

Learning involves what two thing

1- reinforcing and/or 2- rearranging the response hierarchy

Four main conceptual parts of the learning process

Drive: impels does not direct behaviour

Cue: when where and how to response

Response: reaction to cue

Reinforcement: effect of response

Effective reinforcement consist of

drive reduction

When will a response undergo extinction

not reinforced by satisfying a drive

Learning dilemma

present responses are not reinforcing

In the process of learning

drive=

cue=

response=

reinforcement=

wants

notice

does

gets

Secondary drives are acquired through

learning rocess

cue-producing responses

thoughts

reinforcement is determined by

cultural patterns

normal behaviour differs from society to society

Two aspects focused on in the learning process

frustration and conflict

Frustration

unable to reduce a drive because the response that would satisfy has been blocked

interference with goal-directed activity

Conflict

frustration arises from a situation in which incompatible responses are occurring at the same time

When does the tendency to avoid or approach reach their highest point?

near the goal

Gradient of _____ is steeper than the gradient of ______

avoidance

approach

Approach-approach conflict

individual is simultaneously attracted to two positive goals

(In love with two people at once and forced to make a choice)

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Person faces two undesirable alternatives

(the hot plate is burning your hand, but if you drop it you spill the food)

Approach-avoidance conflict

MOST COMMON

one goal both attracts and repels the individual

(your date is both attractive and obnoxious)

Double approach-avoidance conflict

individual must deal simultaneously with multiple goals that both attract and repel

Re-defined the concept of unconscious process

(1) unaware of drives/cues because they are unlabeled and distortion of labels

(2) responses were conscious but have been repressed because they were ineffective

Repression, like all behaviour is

learned

In terms of learning explain

1-identification

2-displacement

1- imitating behaviour that one learned from another

2-generalization, inability to make proper discriminations

Four critical training stages

1- Feeding situation in infancy

2- Cleanliness training

3- Early sex training

4-Training for control of anger and aggression

Do Dollard and Miller agree with Freud in that early childhood events shape later behaviour?

Yes

Freuds stages unfold _________, Dollard&Miller stages are controlled by_________

biologically

learning

Freud and Halls theories are both based on ________ and share the common feature of

drive reduction

determinism

Freud: anxiety, conflict and repression are _______.

Dollard&Miller: anxiety, conflict and repression are __________

inevitable

learned responses

Behaviour of neurotic

learned behaviour is self-defeating and unproductive

Strong,unconscious, unlabelled emotional conflicts

Therapy involves

unlearning old, ineffective, unproductive habits and substituting new and productive responses

Training in suppression (train to suppress, not repress)

What does therapy involves form the Dollar & Miller perspective?

Unlearn old habits, approach things you are avoiding, focus on positive, move in one direction instead of going back and forth. (Unlearning old habits and learning new ones)

Reciprocal inhibition

introduction of a competitive response that will interfere with the original maladaptive response

Systemic densitization

patient is conditioned to stop responding to a stimulus in an undesired manner and replace with new response

You can exclude the emphasis on the past and concentrate on behaviours in the present if

historical recollection is unnecessary

Dollar & Miller developed their theory of personality through

Laboratory studies and experimentation

A theory is useful insofar as it

leads to predictions that can be tested

Organism can learn is limited by

species-specific behaviour

Dollar and Miller's concepts have contributed to the ___ of Freud's ideas

viability

way of experimentally looking at Freuds terms

behaviour is learned

Freuds unconscious was re-termed

drives or cues

Dollard & Miller were the first to

seek and emulate purely scientific model in understanding personality

Dollard & Miller combined insights of ___________ with the _______

Freud's psychoanalysis

principles of learning theory

Dollard & Miller collaborated to explore the relationship between ________ and ______

Frustration and aggression

The relation between frustration and aggression, introduced the concept of ____________

imitation

Empirical research has minimal use of _____ and ____________

Inference

theoretical construct

Personality theory is based on what three principles ?

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Observational learning

Behaviour is more _________ specific than suggested by other personality theories

situation

What are the four behavioural approaches?

Radical behavioural approach

Social learning theory

cognitive-behavioural approach

stimulus-response theory

Drive theories

Internal state of tension that motivates the organism to engage in activities to reduce the tension

Freud used the term libido, here it is called

inner drive

T/F

THey are concerned with the content of mental life, both unconscious and conscious

TRUE

S-R Theory mantra

drive, cue, response, reward

Learning requires (4 steps)

The arousal of a drive

Cues or stimuli that identify the response to be made, where, and when

The response when drive is aroused and cues are present

That the response be

rewarded

What are the limitations of Hull's theory?

Cannot explain all behaviour, we sometimes do things in the absence of a drive (eating when not hungry),

How do drives motivate behaviour?

Through the arousal of drive stimuli

How are secondary drives learned?

During socialization

What is the basis of reinforcement?

Reward

Responses are likely to be repeated if

Behaviour reduces drive stimuli

What is the basic concept in S-R theory

habit

The relation between ____ and ________ strength is multiplicative

drive and habit

R= Dx H

What will not result in behaviour?

zero drive or zero habit

Drives are classified as ________ and __________

primary and learned

When do Secondary reinforcements acquire their reinforcing ability through association with primary drive reduction ?

Early childhood

What determines when and where responses will be made, and which responses will be chosen?

Cues

Two ways cues are produced

external stimuli

produced by the person

What do cue-producing responses do ?

Direct our thinking, facilitate generalization and discrimination

The basis of neurosis

the association of fear with situational cues

Secondary generalization

Fear gets attached to thoughts (of the fearful situation) and to the emotional arousal also attached

How can you reduce drive stimuli?

escape, avoid, gain reward

What results if a goal is blcoked

aggressive

Neal Miler was memorable in the 1970's for ?

Biofeedback, people can control their heart rate