Biology movement of substances across cell membranes and nutrient in humans

Independent and dependent variable

Factors under investigation what you changes

Factors that changes according to independent variable

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells

True nucleus and membrane bound organelle( mitochondria )

No nucleus and no membrane bound organelle

Process of scientific investigation

Make observation

Ask relevant questions

Propose a hypothesis and make prediction

Design and conduct experiments

Analyse data and draw conclusion

Cells in hypotonic solution (solution with higher water potential than cytoplasm)

Water enters cell by osmosis

Animals cells swell and burst

Plant cell become turgid

Cells in hypertonic solution ( solution with lower water potential than cytoplasm)

Water leaves cells by osmosis

Annals cells shrink and become wrinkled

Plants cells become flaccid or plasmolyed

Cells in isotonic solutions (solution with same water potential as cytoplasm)

no net movement of water in plant and animal cell

Cell membrane nucleus mitochondria

Control movement of substances in and out

Contains genetic material

Produce atp to carry out aerobic respiration

Chloroplast vacuole cell wall

Site of photosynthesis convert light energy to chemical energy

Transport food in animal cell keep plant cell in turgid state

Give shape to plant cell

Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Transport protein produces at ribsomes

Syntheses and transport lipids within cytoplasm

Plant cell and animal cell difference in structure

Has cell wall large vacuole has chloroplast while animals cells don’t

Osmosis

Net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a differentially permeable membranes(only certain substances can enter)

Diffusion

Movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration gradient , when particles are evenly distributed no net movement of of particles atp not required

Active transport

Need carrier protein movement of substances (moved from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration) food absorption of small intestine , transcription of glucose and amino acid

In mineral in root of plant

And glucose in gut for humans

Phagocytosis

Engulf and digest large particles (second line defense)require energy and involve cell membrane (wbc engulf pathogens by phagocytosis)

differentially permeable

Only certain substances can pass through

Small non polar (oxygen CO2 and lipid soluble )and water can be dissolve while glucose amino acid can’t pass through

Autotrophs heterotrophs

Make own food (plants) by light or chemical energy

Depend on others for food

Fluid mosaic model

Fluid:lateral movement of phospholipid molecules

Mosaic:protein molecules uneven distributed among phospholipid molecules in mosaic pattern

Phospholipid bilayer:permeable to (small non polar substance) not polar

Carrier protein:active transport

Channel protein allow passage of ions and polar substance water

Types of teeth

Incisor canine premolar and molar

Enamel dentine pulp cavity and cement function

Hardest non living contain calcium phosphate

Living

Contain blood vessel nerve transport oxygen and nutrients remove waste

Bone like -fix tooth to jaw bone

Main purpose of digestion

Breakdown food into smaller moelcues for absorption

Two types of digestion

Physical and chemical

Where does physical digestion occur

Mouth and stomach

What is mastication

Process of chewing food to break it down

What enzyme involved in chemical digestion

Amylase protease lipase

Where does Most of absorption take place

Small intestine

Role of liver

Regulate blood glucose level

Store glycogen iron and vitamins

Deamination

Form bike vitamin a

Detoxification

What are faces

Waste produced from digestive system

How Does water absorption occur in intestines

Through osmosis into blood capillaries

Function of stomach in digestion

Churn food and mix it with gastric juice for digestion

Role of enzyme in digestion

To break down compelx molecules into simple forms

Peristalsis

To prevent constipation

Function of bile

To emulsify fats for easier digestion and absorption

What are villi

Small finger like projection in small intestine that can increase surface area for absorption

What nutrients are absorbed in small intestine

Carbs protein fats vitamini minerals

Siginifnace of detoxification in liver

Remove harmful substances from blood stream