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histology
The study of tissues
connective tissue
protects and supports a wide range of functions (bone, blood, cartilage, adipose, areolar, tendon, ligaments, structure in viscera and skin)
epithelial tissue
lines and covers the body and hollow organs, vessels, ducts
muscle tissue
movement and heat generation
nervous tissue
communication between brain and body cells and homestasis
apical surface
exposed to the environment (outside of the body) or an internal body cavity (lumen of tubes and the inside of hollow organs)
basal surface
attached to the basement membrane (thin, dead layer of collagen that attaches the epithelium to deeper connective tissues)
no blood vessels
underlying connective tissue supplies oxygen by diffusion to deepest cells in layer (most superficial cells die)
simple epithelium
contains 1 layer of cells
stratified epithelium
contains 2+ layers of cells
pseudostratified epithelium
single row of cells - appears staggered as the nuclei give the effect of layers
secretes and propels respiratory mucus
keratinized stratified squamous
multilayered epithelium covered with dead squamous cells, packed with keratin(waterproofing) epidermis of the skin
urothelium (transitional epithelium)
many layers - appears to change shape as an organ empties and fills
outermost cells flattened when stretched as organ fills (found in the urinary tract, bladder, umbilical cord)
what tissue?
plantar epithelium
what tissue?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
what tissue?
pseudostratified columnar
what tissue?
simple cuboidal
what tissue?
simple columnar
what tissue?
simple squamous
nerve tissue
large cells with long cell processes
neurons surrounded by smaller gilial cells
skeletal muscle
long, cylindrical, fiber-shaped, unbranched cells, with striations, multiple peripheral nuclei, voluntary)
smooth (visceral) muscle
short fusiform cells, no striations, one central nucleus, involuntary (found in middle layers of organs, vessels, and glands)
what tissue?
nervous
what muscle?
cardiac
what muscle?
smooth
what muscle?
skeletal
connective tissue
widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substances (lots of matrix and fewer cells)
what makes up fibroblasts?
collagen, reticular, elastin
fibrous connective tissue (loose)
gel-like ground substance between cells
(areolar, reticular, adipose)
fibrous connective tissue (dense)
fibers fill space between cells
(dense regular connect tissue) -DRCT
(dense irregular connective tissue) -DICT
areolar (loose) connective tissue
loose arrangement of fibers and cells
(Upper layer of the dermis)
where is areolar tissue found?
under all epithelia, between muscles, nerve and vessel passageways
reticular connective tissue
loose network of reticular fibers and cells
forms supportive stroma for lymphatic organs
where is reticular tissue found?
in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
adipose connective tissue (fat marshmallows)
empty-looking cells with thin margins (when full the nucleus is pressed against the inside of the cell membrane)
what is the function of adipose tissue?
energy storage, insulation, cushioning
dense regular connective tissue
packed collagen fibers with compressed fibroblasts nuclei which makes the collagen fibers
where is dense regular connective tissue found?
makes up tendons and ligaments (strong)
dense irregular connective tissue
densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers in various directions and few visible cells
where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
dermis of the skin (forms capsules around organs)
what connective tissue?
areolar
what connective tissue?
adipose
cartilage
supportive connective tissue with a rubbery matrix
what are the types of cartilage?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
does cartilage have blood vessels?
no, diffusion brings the nutrients and removes wastes from cells so this tissue heals SLOWLY
what is cartilage made of?
chondroblasts (helps to secrete collagen and other matrix components
hyaline cartilage
rubbery matrix - dispersed collagen fibers, clustered chondrocytes in lacunae (usually seen in pairs)
what is the function of hyaline cartilage?
supports airways, ends of bones at moveable joints at the end of ribs
elastic cartilage
has elastic fibers between chondrocytes
what is the function of elastic cartilage?
provides flexible, elastic support (ear and epiglottis)
fibrocartilage
form of hyaline with extensive regular collagen fibers (up to 3-5 nuclei seen in short rows)
where is fibrocartilage found?
pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs (very strong no perichondrium)
bone tissue (compact bone)
calcified matrix in lamellae around the central canal
where are the osteocytes found in bone?
found in the lacunae between the lamellae
what is blood?
a variety of cells and cell fragments, some with nuclei and some without
55% plasma + 45% formed elements
matrix = plasma (90% water)
erythrocytes (red-blood cell)
no nucleus - carries oxygen and some carbon dioxide
leukocytes (white-blood cells)
five types - function in immunity
thrombocytes (platelets)
pieces of cells - function inn blood clotting
what is this?
osseous (bone)
what is this?
fibrocartilage
what is this?
blood
(dark purple - white-blood cells)
(pink - red-blood cells)
what is this?
hyaline cartilage
what is this?
areolar (loose connective tissue)
what is this?
elastic cartilage (connective tissue)
what is this?
adipose (connective tissue)
what are the four main tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
what type of (CT) are categorized as loose CT?
adipose, areolar
what is the difference between dense regular and dense irregular CT?
regular - tendons and ligaments
irregular - in the dermis of skin
what are the different parts of a nervous tissue?
nuclei of glial cells, axon, soma of neuron, dendrites
what is the correct name for the neuron cell body?
soma of neuron
what is the shape of a typical neuron?
star-shaped with a tail
what do we call the special accessory cells that assist neurons in doing their job (guide them, protect them) in the nervous system?
glial cells
what is the general function of the epithelium?
lines and covers the body and hollow organs, vessels, and ducts
what is the general function of a muscle tissue?
movement and heat generation
what is the general function of nervous tissue?
communication between the brain and body cells, and homeostasis
what is the general function of connective tissue?
protects and supports a wide range of function
do subcutaneous, integument, and skin all refer to the same tissue?
skin - all three layers (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous)
integument - all the parts that make of the skin
subcutaneous - third layer (deepest layer)
what are the two layers of the integument called?
superficial dermis and deep dermis
is the hypodermis (subcutaneous) a layer of the skin?
no, it is considered as a fat layer that helps hold the skin to connective tissues
what are the general structures of the dermis?
blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and glands
what layer is effected by a first degree burn?
epidermis
what layer is effected in a second degree burn?
epidermis, and dermis
what layer is effected in a third degree burn?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
what are the layers of the skin that are most impacted by cancers?
epidermis
what layer of skin undergoes mitosis?
stratum basale (deepest layer)
what is the function of adipose in the subcutaneous layer?
helps to insulate the body (important cushion)
storage of energy in the form of lipids
what major structures and cell types does the subcutaneous (hypodermis) layer contain?
adipose tissue, collagen, blood vessels, nerves
what are the five strata of the epidermis of thick skin?
1 - stratum corneum (outermost)
2 - stratum lucidum
3 - stratum granulosum
4 - stratum spinosum
5 - stratum basale (innermost)
what of the five strata are not found in thin skin?
stratum lucidum
what is stratum corneum?
the outermost layer of the epidermis and marks the final stage of keratinocyte maturation and development
what is stratum lucidum?
2-3 cell layers, present in thicker skin found in the palms and soles, is a thin clear layer
what is stratum granulosum?
thin layer of cells in the epidermis lying above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum
what is stratum spinosum?
helps make your skin flexible and strong
what is stratum basale?
the deepest layer, separated from the dermis by the basement membrane
a key to rmeber the order of strata?
(C, L, G, S, B) stratum
arrector pili muscle
sebaceous gland
meissner’s corpuscle
melanocyte
pore
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