Unit 2: The Age of Reformation Vocabulary

Martin Luther

Martin Luther

A German monk and university professor, posted his ninety-five theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg.

Indulgences

a certificate offered by the Church that offered the same spiritual power as the sacrament of confession and penance: to have one's sins absolved

Election

God's sovereign choosing of his people from before the foundations of the world, thereby effectively predestinating his children to everlasting life with him and condemning the reprobate to everlasting punishment

John Calvin

He stressed the doctrine of predestination, and his interpretations of Christian teachings, known as Calvinism, are characteristic of Reformed churches.

Anabaptist

Member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers

Predestination

the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. [John Calvin]

German Peasants’ War

peasants in western and southern Germany invoked divine law to demand agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by nobles and landlords

Puritans

English Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries that sought to rid the Church of England of what they considered to be Roman Catholic practices

Mary Tudor

Under hersey laws, this queen persecuted puritans; first regnant Queen of England, is infamous for her burning of Protestant heretics and for loss of Calais.

Act of Supremacy (1534)

abolished the Roman Catholic Church's power in England, declared the English monarch the Supreme Head of the Church of England, and initiated the English Reformation

Elizabeth I

She established England as a Protestant Country.

Henry VIII

He wanted to get a divorce, but the pope would not let him. So, he created his own church. It was called the Church of England.

Elizabethan Settlement (1559)

religious and political arrangements made for England during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603)

Huguenots

French Calvinists in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

provided religious tolerance as well as civil rights for the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) in a predominantly Roman Catholic country.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)

Massacre of French Huguenots; It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century.

Massacre of Vassy (1562)

Duke François de Guise and his troops murdered a group of Huguenots attending a religious service in a building.

War of the Three Henrys

1585–1589, was the eighth conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as the French Wars of Religion. Between: Henry III of Valois, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise

Henry III of Valois

Son of Catherine de’Medici; became King of France and ruled from the death of Charles IX in 1574 until 1589; assassinated by monks whom the Guise family had ordered to kill him as retribution for Henry of Guise’s death.

Henry Navarre = Henry IV

Husband of Margaret of Valois; ruled after Henry III’s death in 1589, took the title Henry IV

Edict of Nantes

Provided religious tolerance as well as civil rights for the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) in a predominantly Roman Catholic country

Religious Pluralism

challenged the concept of a unified Europe

Henry of Guise

Catholic who wanted to ensure that France stayed under Catholic leadership; assassinated by the bodyguards of Henry III

William of Orange

Sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702

Habsburgs

Royal German family, one of the chief dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the 20th century.

Ottomans

Captured constantinople in 1453; Was successfully defeated by the Habsburgs in 1683 when besieging Vienna.

Charles V

Was Holy Roman Emperor (1519) as well as King of Spain (1516). He divided his dominion in 1556 and was also the father of Philip II

Philip II

Charles the V’s son, took over the Spanish Habsburgs in 1556 and ruled until 1598. During his reign, he sought to re-convert the land under his rule to Catholicism, though, his works were ultimately unsuccessful.

Battle of Vienna (1683)

At Kahlenberg Mountain near Vienna, this battle marked the historic end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.

Federick I

Lead the rebellion/ Bohemian against Ferdinand l. The bohemian revolt was the beginning of the Thirsty Year’s War

Peace of Westphalia

Recognized Dutch Independence, Ended the Thirty Years War, and granted religious tolerance to Lutherans and Calvinists in the Holy Roman Empire.

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1619 until his death in 1637. Became Holy Roman Emperor after the King of Bohemia’s death.

Thirty Years’ War

Began after King of Bohemia Matthias died without heirs, so his kingdom became Catholic. Bohemians revolted against Catholicism, preferring Calvinism. The series of war were caused by religious motives and a desire to gain territory and power.  purposes. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.