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Active Immunity
Immunity produced by exposure to an antigen, as a result of the immune response. It can be induced - individual receives vaccination of a dead or attenuated form of a pathogen, acquired - memory cells made as a result of a prior infection, and innate - immunity that is present but isn’t due to prior exposure to an antigen (first line of defense, etc.).
Adaptive Immunity
The ability of the body to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
Agglutination
Clumping of microorganisms or cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction
Antibody
An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response
Antigen
Substance that triggers an immune response
Antigen presenting cells
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
Artificial immunity
Acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine or injected antibodies/plasma B cells
B lymphocytes
Form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus (prokaryotes)
Basophils
A circulating leukocyte that produces histamine
Cell-mediated response
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against virus infected cells
Cellular barriers
commensal micro-organisms
Chemical barriers
Proteins that destroy pathogens at the body’s surface
Clonal expansion
the rapid multiplication/proliferation of B or T cell clones after the activation by an antigen
Clonal selection
The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen
Complement proteins
A number of different types of proteins found in the blood that opsonize, cause lysis, and attract phagocytes to invading pathogens
Cytokines
Chemicals released by the immune system due to pathogen presence or cell damage, that are signaling molecules that communicate with other cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Destroy pathogens and release chemicals called cytokines
Degranulation
The emptying of granules from the interior of a mast cell into the extracellular environment
Dendritic cells
Antigen-presenting cells in the skin
Eosinophils
A white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin
Epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
Fever
Elevated body temperature
First line of defense
Intact skin, mucous membranes and their secretions, normal microbiota
Fungal pathogens
Eukaryote species with chitin cell walls that can cause disease in plants and/or animals
Granulocytes
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm (mast cells, eosinophils, basophils)
Granzymes
Enzymes that attack proteins of target cells and induce apoptosis
Helper T cells
Help the immune system by increasing the activity of cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and stimulating the suppressor T cells
Herd immunity
The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
Histamine
Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increase permeability of capilleries
Humoral response
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria in bodily fluids
Inflammatory response
Non-specific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling and pain.
Innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens
Interferon
Protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus (helps other cells resist the virus)
Interleukins
Proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth and activation of B and T lymphocytes
Lymphatic system
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes and organs. Provides defense against infection
Lymph nodes
Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as well as the site of T and B cell activation
Macrophages
Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate helper T cells
Mast cells
Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation
membrane attack complex (MAC)
The complex of terminal complement proteins that forms a pore in the membrane of the target cells, damaging the membrane and leading to cell lysis
Memory B cells
Produced during a B cell response, but aren’t involved in antibody production during the initial infection. Are held in reserve for the rest of your life in case you encounter the pathogen again
Memory T cells
Remembers antigen and quickly stimulates the cell-mediated branch of the immune response upon re-exposure/secondary exposure
MHC 1 proteins
Found on all nucleated cells, and are necessary for cell recognition
MHC 2 proteins
Occur only on APC’s and display only foreign antigens
Naive B cells
B cells that have the ability to produced an antibody specific to an antigen but which wait in the lymph nodes until their particular antigen comes along and activates them
natural immunity
Acquired as a part of normal life experiences
Natural killer cells
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells. An important component of innate immunity
Neutralization
Process where antibody binds to toxin/pathogen and prevents it from damaging the host cells
Neutrophils
The most abundant type of white blood cells. They are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days
opsonisation
Process in which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and/or complement and marked for phagocytosis
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Passive immunity
The short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal
Pathogen
A disease causing agent
Perforin
A protein, released by killer cells of the immune system, that destroys targeted cells by creating lesions like pores in their membranes
phagocytes
A type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles
Phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
Physical barriers
Skin and mucous membranes
Plasma B cells
B cell proliferates by mitosis to produce these cells, which produce and secrete the specific antibody that exactly fits the antigen on the pathogen’s surface
Primary exposure
First exposure to a pathogen
Primary lymphoid tissue
Bone marrow and thymus
Prions
Infectious proteins
Proliferation
Rapid increase in numbers
Protist pathogens
Eukaryotic cellular pathogen (Malaria)
Second line of defense
Protective cells and fluids (inflammation and phagocytosis). It’s non-specific
Secondary exposure
A second exposure to the same infective agent or pathogen
Secondary lymphoid tissues
Has the role of filtering lymph
T cell receptor
Antigen receptors on a T cell. Unlike antibodies, these are never produced in secreted form
T lymphocytes
Mature in the thymus
Third line of defense
Adaptive immunity
Transmission
Transfer, such as a disease, from one person to another
Vaccination
Injection of an attenuated form of a pathogen to produce immunity
Virus
A tiny, non-living particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell