APUSH: Chapters 6 & 7

Acadians

Acadians

Were conquered by the Britains in 1713, and were uprooted some four thousand of them in 1755 and were scattered as far south as Lousiana (were French)

William Pitt

Known as the "Great Commoner" who in 1757 became the foremost leader in the London government. Also earned the title "Organizer of Victory" as he ultimately turned the tide of the Seven Year War for Britain. He devised to concentrate the attacks on the Quebec and Montreal fortresses, leading them to victory.

French and Indian War

Began in America in 1754 when George Washington and the soldiers stationed in the Ohio Valley shot at a French squadron (France had invaded the valley when Britain had gained the rights to it), rocked along on an undeclared basis for two years until it became the most far-flung conflict yet. Fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Phillippines, Africa, and on the ocean. It was Britain and Prussia on one side and Spain, France, Russia, and Austria on the other. Ultimately, Great Britain won this war.

Seven Years’ War

A different name for the French and Indian War, as the conflict lasted a certain amount of years

John Hancock

Had been an officer since the age of 14 and though slight and sickly, he combined a mixture of dash with painstaking attention to detail and was the leader of the British forces in the Battle of Quebec.

Albany Congress

in 1754 the British government summoned an intercolonial congress to Albany, New York where only seven of the thirteen colony delegates showed up. Their immediate purpose was to keep the Iroquois Confederacy loyal to Britain in the war. The longer purpose was to achieve greater colonial unity and bolster common defense against France.

George Grenville

Was a British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain and initiated the Sugar and Stamp Act.

regulars

Professional British soldiers that had been sent from England to fight in America.

Charles Townshend

Was a British politician who held various positions in Parliament, and ultimately convinced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts, which was a light duty tax on glass, white lead, paint, and tea.

Battle of Quebec

A battle that ultimately ended with Britain's success, was an attack on the fortress Quebec, where James Wolfe sent a detachment to a poorly guarded part of the fortress, allowing them to show the way for others and when fighting that morning allowed them to win, though it ended with both Wolfe and the French's commander both dying, resulting in France being defeated.

Crispus Attucks

Was of African and Native American descent, and was one of the leaders and also the first to die in the Boston Massacre.

Pontiac’s War

Named for ambitious Ottawa leader who laid siege to Detroit in 1763 and eventually overran all but 3 British ports, killing around 2,000 people. However, this ended with Britain's victory as they used a crude but horrendous biological warfare tactic on the natives, distributing to them blankets containing the disease smallpox, in the end leading to an uneasy truce between the groups.

George III

The King of Britain during the time America started to rebel, allowing the acts that pushed America to go to war to take place.

Proclamation of 1763

London government prohibited settlements in the area behind the Appalachians to maintain peace with the natives. Yet the colonists were disgusted and shocked with the announcement, as they believed that the interior of the continent was theirs by conquest and birthright, leading to many defying the order and purposely moving westward.

Lord North

Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770-1782, leading Britain through most of the American War of Independence, with his wavering leadership being one of the factors as to why Britain lost.

republicanism

defined a society in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, selfish interests to the common good. Both stability and the authority of the government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry. By its very nature, it opposed hierarchical and authoritarian institutions such as aristocracy and monarchy.

Samuel Adams

Cousin of Jon Adams, he loved politics and was ultrasensitive to infractions of colonial rights, leading him to organize in Massachusetts the local committee of correspondence, helping to organize the Sons of Liberty, signing the Declaration of Independence, and then becoming the governor of Massachusetts.

Radical Whigs

Derived from a group of British political commenters, they feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers relative to elected representatives in Parliament. Also mounted attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the King's ministers.

Thomas Hutchinson

Was the governor of Massachusetts during the time of the Acts, the most important incident to note involving the Boston Tea Party, where he refused to let the British East India Company boats carrying tea leaves leave until they could unload their cargo, leading to angry colonists that snuck onto said ships and disposed of the cargo into the sea.

mercantilism

The belief that wealth is power and that a country's economic wealth (and hence its military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury

Marquis de Lafayette

Fled from France in boredom and loved liberty, thus making him a major general in the American army at 19, helped to secure more aid from France for the American army.

Sugar Act

1764, the first law ever passed for raising tax revenue in colonies for the crown. Among other provisions, it increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.

Baron von Steuben

Couldn't speak English when he first reached America (was German) but soon taught his men that "bayonets were not for broiling beefsteaks over open fires", overall whipping his men and the American army into shape and helping them to gain experience.

Quartering Act

Initiated in 1765, it required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for the British troops

Lord Dunmore

Was a royal Virginia governor who in November 1775 issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army.

Stamp Tax

Initiated in 1765, it was aimed to help raise revenues to support the British's new military force. Mandated that the use of stamped paper or affixing stamps were certifiable for the payment of tax.

admiralty courts

Courts where juries weren’t allowed, the burden of proof was on the defendants who were assumed guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent.

Stamp Act Congress

Began in 1765 in New York where 27 delegates from 9 colonies drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and asked for the repealment of legislation.

nonimportation agreements

The idea that the American Congress spread to the colonists to fully stop importing British goods

Sons of Liberty

Took the law into their own hands and enforced the nonimportation agreements against violators (often covered violators with tar and feathers). Also ransacked unpopular officials houses and much more

Daughters of Liberty

Promoted the nonimportation agreements by refusing to buy wool, drink tea, and using their skills to weave yarn and wool into cloth, they made America less dependent on British textiles.

Declaratory Act

reaffirmed parliament's right to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever.

Townshend Acts

Leader of the British ministry, Charles Townshend convinced Parliament in 1767 to pass these acts, which was a light import duty (indirect customs duty) on glass, white lead, paint, and tea.

Boston Massacre

Happened March 5, 1770, when townspeople threw snowballs at British soldiers and taunted them (were angry because 10 days ago an 11-year-old boy had been killed during a protest). British soldiers became agitated and opened fire, killing or wounding 11 people.

committees of correspondence

Their chief function was to spread the spirit of resistance by keeping each other updated via letters.

Boston Tea Party

After the ministry gave the British East India Company full monopoly of the American tea economy, the Americans became angered as they saw it as a trick, and when the governor of Massachusetts refused to let the ships leave without unloading their cargo, it led to a certain incident on December 16, 1773. When roughly 100 Bostonians disguised loosely as natives boarded docked ships and smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped them into the sea.

“Intolerable Acts”

Passed in 1774, it was a series of four acts passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. These being the Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, and the Quartering Act

Boston Port Act

When Parliament closed off the Boston port until all damages were paid

Massachusetts Government Act

When Parliament restructured the Massachusetts government to give royalty more power

Administration of Justice Act

Ensured a fair trial for British officials who were charged with capital offenses and upholding the law against any protests

Quebec Act

Allowed the French to have their Catholic religion and many old customs and institutions, including no representative assembly or trial by jury, and old boundaries of Quebec were extended outward.

First Continental Congress

1774 in Philadelphia was a meeting to decide ways of redressing colonial grievances and was essentially a consultative body. In the end, created The Association, and their petition was rejected by Parliament.

The Association

Called for a complete boycott of British goods (not yet calling for independence)

Battles of Lexington and Concord

1775 British commander in Boston sent some troops to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of colonial gunpowder and bag rebel leaders Sam Adams, Jon Adams, and John Hancock. Colonial "minute men" there didn't move fast enough so shots were fired and killed 8 people, Britain attempted to push to Concord but the Americans won, leading to Britain losing 70 men and ultimately sparking war.

Valley Forge

In Pennsylvania, and was the encampment site of the Continental Army during the winter of 1777-1778. During this time period, American soldiers were without bread for 3 days. Furthermore, 2,800 men were barefooted or nearly naked, and at a parade, some were wrapped in bedcovers.

camp followers

Women who accompanied American troopers and cooked and sewed for them in return for money and rations

Second Continental Congress

Took place in Philadelphia on May 10 1775 with all 13 colonies represented, still had no well-defined sentiment for independence, just their desire to fight parliament and the king would address their grievances. They drafted another repeal but that was again rejected.

Ethan Allen

One of the founders of Vermont and one of the leaders of the American force that captured Fort Ticonderoga

Battle of Bunker Hill

Was a turning point in the war where the Americans stopped fighting to get Britain to listen to them and started to fight for their independence. 14 months into the war in May 1775, an American force under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold captured British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point, which allowed them to have a secure gunpowder as well as artillery supply. And on June 1775 the Americans seized the hill known as Bunker Hill, where they menaced the enemy with their sharpshooting, efficiently slaughtering them (soon gunpowder gave out and they had to abandon the hill)

Olive Branch Petition

Continental Congress devised this in July 1775 that professed American loyalty and begged King George III to stop the fighting and war. However, in response to this, he proclaimed the colonies were in rebellion and started hiring mercenaries to fight in the war.

Richard Montgomery

was an Irish-born soldier who first served in the British Army. He later became a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and he is most famous for leading the unsuccessful 1775 invasion of northeastern Quebec which had ended in his death

Hessians

Soldiers-for-hire for the British army that mostly came from the German principality of Hesse

Thomas Paine

Was a Founding Father, political activist, philosopher, and political theorist who wrote the Common Sense, a book that helped to convince the Americans that their true cause was for independence, not reconciliation.

Common Sense

Published in 1776 by Thomas Paine who declared that the only lawful states were those that derive "their just powers from the consent of the government" and said that the British King that everyone worshipped was nothing but "the Royal Brute of Great Britain". Was a bestseller and convinced Americans that their true cause was independence.

Abigail Adams

Was the wife and closest advisor to Jon Adams, and completely supported his ideas. Was also both the first second Lady and second first Lady of the United States,

Declaration of Independence

Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776, this document was written by Thomas Jefferson and was a formal "declaration" of independence/separation from Great Britain

Richard Henry Lee

Was a Founding Father from Virginia and on June 7, 1776, he moved that "these United States are, and of right to be, free and independent states". After considerable debate the motion was adopted nearly a month later, on July 2, 1776, and was officially recognized by Congress on July 4th, 1776, becoming known as the Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A human civil rights document from the French Rebellion that was made in 1789 stated the “natural and inalienable” rights, which are freedom, ownership, security, resistance to oppression, and recognized equality before the law and justice system.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Was a British Army officer, Whig politician, and colonial administrator. Is best known as one of the leading British general officers in the American War of Independence.

Loyalists

Colonists loyal to the King

William Howe

Was a British Army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British land forces in the Colonies during the American War of Independence.

Patriots

American rebels

John (“Gentleman Johnny”) Burgoyne

Was a general actor-playwright-solider who led seven thousand regular troops to invade. But it was painfully slow because many soldiers had brought their wives and they had to chop a path through the forest while American militiamen began to gather around them. General Howe, who should have supported him, instead went to attack Philadelphia (wanted to destroy Washington's army and leave a path wide-open) but instead was defeated, leaving him to flounder in the wild. Then, his troops were trapped and forced to surrender.

Battle of Long Island

Happened in the summer and fall of 1776, when the Americans were outgeneraled and outmaneuvered, they were routed and panic seized the new recruits. By the narrowest of margins and thanks to the fog and favoring wind, George Washington was able to escape to Manhatten Island.

Benjamin Franklin

Negotiated the treaty with France and was determined that his appearance should herald the diplomatic revolution the Americans hoped to achieve, thus in his clothing and demeanor he affected a persona that deliberately violated every norm of diplomatic behavior. With this, he shocked the Parisian court but made the ordinary Parisians adore him as a specimen of a new democratic social order, devoid of pretense and protocol. He also preyed on the French fears of Anglo-American reconciliation, in the end helping them to give America on February 6, 1778, a treaty of alliance, thus making this a world war.

Battle of Trenton

Happened on December 26, 1776, when George Washington surprised and captured a thousand Hessians who were sleeping off the effects of their Christmas celebration.

Battle of Saratoga

When Burgoyne and his troops were trapped and forced to surrender on October 17, 1777

Comte de Rochambeau

Was the commander of the powerful French army of six thousand regular troops.

Nathanael Greene

A Quaker-reared tactician who distinguished himself with his strategy of delay, exhausting his enemies by standing and then retreating.

Model Treaty

Drafted in the summer of 1776 a model treaty to guide the American commissioners it was about to dispatch to the French court.

Joseph Brant

Was a Mohawk chief who converted to Anglicanism, and who believed, not without reason, that a victorious Britain would restrain American expansion into the West. Thus, he and the British ravaged large areas of back-country Pennsylvania and New York until they were checked by an American force in 1779.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix

Happened in 1784 when the pro-British Iroquois were forced to sign this, the first treaty between the United States and the Iroquois. Under the terms, the natives were forced to cede most of their land.

George Rogers Clark

An audacious frontiersman conceived the idea of seizing the British forts by surprise. And in 1778-1779 he floated down the Ohio River with about 175 men and captured in quick succession the forts Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.

privateers

were privately owned armed ships - legalized pirates in a sense - specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping. Roughly over a thousand of them responded to the call of patriotism and profit, capturing some six hundred British prizes.

Admiral de Grasse

Was a French officer who commanded the French fleet during the Battle of Yorktown.

Battle of Yorktown

Happened when the British general Cornwallis blundered into a trap at Chesapeake Bay, as he awaited seaborne supplies and reinforcements when it was during the brief periods during the war that the British naval superiority had slipped away. Thus, George Washington attacked the British from land, Admiral de Grasse and his French fleets blockaded them by sea after beating back the British fleet, and completely corned them, forcing Cornwallis to completely surrender his entire force of seven thousand men on October 19, 1781.

Treaty of Paris

Happened in 1783 when Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States and granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the West to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. Thus ending the American Revolution.

King George’s War

The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739) was fought in this buffer colony and the Caribbean Sea where Oglethorpe (British) fought the Spaniards to a standstill. It was named because the British Captain Jenkins had his ear cut off by a Spanish commander. Jenkins went back to Britain and told the story, creating furious resentment for the Spanish in Britain. This war was a small-scale scuffle in America, but soon merged with the large-scale ______ War (as called in America) in Europe.

Queen Anne’s War

1704. It is also known as King William's War (1689-1697) by the British and ______ War (1702-1713). It pitted British colonists against the French coureurs de bois, with both sides recruiting whatever Indian allies they could. It was fought by the Indians because the British and French thought that America was not important enough to dispatch troops to. The combatants waged a kind of primitive guerrilla warfare. The French Indians attacking the frontiers settlements esp. Schenectady N.Y. and Deerfield Mass. Peace terms, signed at Utrecht in 1713, revealed how badly France and its Spanish ally had been beaten. Britain was rewarded with French-populated Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia or New Scotland), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay.

Samuel de Champlain

He was the leading figure in Quebec, an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title of "Father of New France." He entered into friendly relations with the the Huron Indian tribes, joining them in battle against the Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area.