GLYCOSIDES-PCOG

MIDTERM

What are glycosides?

Glycosides are molecules in which a carbohydrate is bonded to a non-carbohydrate moiety.

What is the basic structure of glycosides?

A glycoside consists of a sugar (glycone) part and an aglycone (non-sugar) part.

Name the common types of glycosides.

Common types include cardenolides, flavonoid glycosides, and saponins.

How are glycosides classified?

Glycosides are classified into two main types: O-glycosides and N-glycosides.

What is an O-glycoside?

O-glycosides are glycosides where the glycone is bonded to the aglycone through an oxygen atom.

What is an N-glycoside?

N-glycosides are glycosides where the glycone is bonded to the aglycone through a nitrogen atom.

What role do glycosides play in plants?

Glycosides often serve as a defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens.

Can glycosides have medicinal properties?

Yes, many glycosides possess therapeutic effects and are used in pharmaceuticals.

What is an example of a glycoside used in medicine?

Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside used to treat heart diseases.

How are glycosides formed?

Glycosides are formed through a chemical reaction called glycosylation.

What is the significance of glycoside hydrolysis?

Hydrolysis of glycosides breaks them down into sugar and aglycone, which can be absorbed by the body.

What are flavonoid glycosides?

Flavonoid glycosides are glycosides derived from flavonoids and often have antioxidant properties.

What are saponins?

Saponins are glycosides known for their foaming characteristics and potential health benefits.

Describe the taste often associated with glycosides.

Many glycosides contribute to bitterness, which can deter herbivores.

What is the role of glycosides in cultural practices?

Glycosides are used in traditional medicine and natural remedies in various cultures.

Can humans metabolize glycosides?

Yes, but the extent depends on the specific glycoside and the individual's metabolic capacity.

Why are glycosides important in food science?

They contribute to flavor, color, and health benefits in various foods.

What are cardiac glycosides?

Cardiac glycosides are a type of glycoside that affect the heart and improve its muscular contraction.

How do glycosides affect taste perception?

They can modify flavor profiles, often enhancing or imparting certain tastes.

What are the potential side effects of glycosides?

Some glycosides can be toxic or cause adverse effects in high doses.

Can glycosides be used in cosmetics?

Yes, glycosides are often included in cosmetics for their beneficial properties.

What is the process of extracting glycosides from plants?

Extracting glycosides typically involves solvent extraction or other methods to isolate the compounds.

Are there any environmental concerns related to glycosides?

Some glycosides can be toxic to aquatic systems if released into the environment.

In what types of foods are glycosides commonly found?

Glycosides are found in fruits, vegetables, and certain herbs and spices.

What is anthraquinone glycoside?

Anthraquinone glycosides are used in laxatives and derived from specific plant sources.

How do glycosides contribute to plant color?

Glycosides can affect pigmentation, influencing the color of flowers and fruits.