CHAPTER 6

Urinary System

kidneys

two bean - shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

* Function: to remove waste from blood
* to aid in maintaining water and electrolyte balances

Nephron

Urine - producing microscopic structure.

* Approximately 1 million nephrons in each kidney

Glomerulus

Cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron

* The process of filtering the blood, forming urine, begins here

Renal Pelvis

Funnel - shaped reservoir in the kidney that

* collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

Ureters

Two slender tubes - approx. 10 - 13 inches long

* Receives urine from kidneys
* Carries it to the bladder

Urinary Bladder

Muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds urine

As it fills, the think, muscular wall becomes thinner, organ increases in size

Urethra

Lowest part of urinary tract

* Urine passes from bladder to outside of the body
* Varies in length based off sex: F - 1.5 in , M - 8 in
* Part of the reproductive system, carries seminal fluid at the time of ejaculation

Urinary Meatus

Opening through which urine passes to the outside

Cyst/o , Vesic/o

Bladder, sac

Glomerul/o

Glomerulus

Meat/o

Meatus (opening)

Nephr/o , Ren/o

Kidney

Pyle/o

Renal Pelvis

Ureter/o

ureters

Urethr/o

Urethra

Albumin/o

Albumin

Azot/o

Urea , nitrogen

Blast/o

Developing cell , germ cell

Glyc/o , Glycos/o

Sugar

Hydr/o

Water

Lith/o

Stone , calculus

Noct/i

Night

Olig/o

Scanty , few

Urin/o , ur/o

Urine , Urinary Tract

\-iasis , -esis

condition

\-lysis

loosening , dissolution , separating

\-ptosis

drooping , sagging , prolapse

\-rrhaphy

suturing , repairing

\-tripsy

surgical crushing

\-uria

urine , urination

Azotemina

urea in the blood

Cytitis

inflammation of the bladder

Cystocele

protrusion of the bladder

Cystolith

stone(s) in the bladder

Glomerulnephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

Hydronephrosis

abnormal condition of water in the kidney

Nephritis

inflammation of a kidney

Nephroblastoma

kidney tumor containing developing cells

Nephrolithiasis

Condition of stones in the kidney

Nephroma

Tumor of the kidney

Nephromegaly

Enlargment of the kidney

Nephtoptosis

Drooping kidney

Pyelitis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

Ureteritis

Inflammation of a ureter

Ureterocele

Protusion of ureter

Ureterolithiasis

Condition of stones in the ureter

Ureterostenosis

Narrowing of the ureter

Urethrocystitis

Inflammation of the urethra and the bladder

Episadias

Congenital defect where the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis

hypospadias

Congenital defect where the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis

* Females may also have a form, where the urinary meatus is unusually located

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Condition where the kidney contains many cysts

* causes progressive interference with the ability to form urine

Renal calculus

Stone in the kidney

Renal failure

Loss of kidney function resulting inability to remove waste products from the body and maintain electrolytes balance

Renal hypertension

Elevated blood pressure

* resulting from kidney disease

Urinary retention

Abnormal accumulation of urine in he bladder because of an inability to urinate

Urinary suppression

sudden stoppage of urine formation

Urinary tract infection

Infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract

Cystolithotomy

Incision into the bladder to remove stones

Cystorraphy

suturing the bladder

Cystostomy

creation of an artifical opening into the bladder

Cystotomy , Vesicotomy

incision into the bladder

Lithotripsy

surgical crushing of stones

Nephroectomy

excision of the kidney

Nephrolithotomy

incision into the kidney to remove stones

Nephrolithotripsy

surgical crushing of stones in the kidney

Nephrolysis

Separating the kidney

Nephropexy

surgical fixation of the kidney

Nephrostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the kidney

Pyelolithotomy

incision into the renal pelvis to remove stones

Pyeloplasty

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

Ureterostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the ureter

Urethroplasty

surgical repair of the urethra

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

Noninvasive surgical procedure to crush stones

* In kidney or ureter by repeated shockwave
* Some fragments are eliminated by urine

Fulguration

Destruction of living tissue with electric spark

Renal transplant

surgical implantation of a donor kidney

Cystogram

Radiographic image of the bladder

Cystography

Radiographic imaging of the bladder

Nephrography

Radiographic imaging of the kidney

Nephrosonography

Process of recording the kidney using sound

Renogram

Radiographic record of the kidney

Retrograde urogram

Radiographic imagine of the urinary tract

Voiding cystourethrography

Radiographic imaging of the bladder and the urethra

Cystoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the bladder

Cystoscopy

Visual examination of the bladder

Nephroscopy

Visual examination of the bladder

Ureteroscopy

Visual examination of the ureter

KUB (Kidney, ureter, and blader)

Radiographic image of the abdomen

* often used to view kidneys, ureters, and bladder
* identifies size, shape, and location
* Also identifies radiopaque caculi in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder
* Can diagnose intestinal obstruction

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Blood test, measures amount of urea in the blood

Increased BUN detects abnormality in renal function

Specific gravity (SG)

Test preformed on a urine specimen to measure the concentrating or diluting ability of the kidneys

Urinaylisis (UA)

Multiple routine tests preformed on a urine specimen

* visual examination and chemical analysis of urine specimen providing screening for blood, glucose, protein, and other substances in the urine and picture of overall health

Anuria

Absence of urine

Diuresis

Condition of urine passing through

Dysuria

Difficult or painful urination

Glycosuria

sugar in the urine

Hematuria

Blood in the urine

Nephrologist

Physician who studies and treats disease of the kidney

Nephrology

Study of the kidney

Nocturia

Night urination

Oliguria

Scanty (few) urine